Nervous 1 Flashcards
Which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in?
posterior in the Foramen magnum
What cavity of the ventricular system that lie within the brainstem?
Ventricle IV
What is A?
Pons
What is B?
Pontomedullary junction
What is C?
Medulla
What cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullar junction?
CV VI
CN VII
CN VIII
What cranial nerve emerges from the pontomedullary junction and has the longest course?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
What is D?
CN VI
What is E?
VII/VIII
The long course course of CN VII makes it vulnerable to what?
Injury by increased cranial pressure or other mechnical factors
Consequences of this nerve being damaged is Bell’s palsy
What is A?
Pyramid
What is B?
Anterior fissure
What is C?
Ventero-lateral sulcus
What is D?
Postero-lateral sulcus
What is E?
Decussation of pyramids
What is F?
Olive
What is G?
Pons
What produces the pyramids?
Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Where does the corticospinal tract run between?
From cerebral cortex to spinal cord
Where does the corticobulbar tract run between?
From motor cortex in front lobe to CN in brainstem
What produces the decissation of the pyramids?
Corticospinal tracts crossing
What forms the olives?
Inferior olivary nucleus
Posteriorly on the medulla, some parts can be identified as “open” and some as “closed”, which is more superior?
Open is superior
Closed in inferior
What structure does the “open” part of the medulla open into?
Ventricle IV
Through which structure does the medulla pass through to become the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum
What is A?
Midbrain
What is B?
Pons
What is C?
Medulla
What is D?
Spinal cord
What is E?
Trigeminal nerve
What is A. B and C?
A - supperior cerebellar peduncle
B - middle cerebellar peduncle
C - inferior cerebellar peduncle
What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?
Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
What is immediately superior to the midbrian?
Diencephalon
What is immediately posterior to the cerebellum?
Pons
What kinds of fibres make up the cerebellar peduncles?
Ascending sensory and descending motor
What is A?
Cerebral peduncles of midbrain
What is B?
Superior colliculus
What is C?
Inferior colliculus
What is D?
Superior cerebellar peduncle (fibres that run from midbrain to cerebellum)
The cerebral peduncles are made up of what?
Ascending sensory and descending motor fibres
The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles connects what to what?
Superior - cerebellum to midbrain
Middle - cerebellum to pons
Inferior - cerebellum to medulla
The diencephalon is made up of what?
Thalamus and hypothalamusposterior patuibtry gland, sub/ epi thalamus
What two parts of the brian does the diencephalon lie between?
Cerebrum and brainstem
What are the surface projections visible on the hypothalamus called?
Optic chiasm
Pituitary stalk
Mammillary bodies
What is A?
Interpedunicular fossa
What is B?
Cerebral peduncle
What is C?
Mamillary body
What is D?
Optic chiasm
What is E?
Optic nerve
What is F?
Optic tract
What is G?
Uncus
What is H?
Pons
What is I?
Medulla oblongata
What is K?
Pyramid
What is L?
Olive
What is the midline structure seperating the two cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
What is A?
Vermis
What is B?
Anterior lobe
What is C?
Posterior lobe
What is D?
Flocculonodular lobe
To what parts of the brain is the cerebrum connected to by peduncles?
Midbrain (by superior peduncle)
Pons (by middle peduncle)
Medulla (by inferior peduncle)
What is the name given to the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebrum?
Ventricle IV
What is the cranial fossa called that the cerebellum is in contact with?
the posterior fossa
What foramen of the skull does the cerebellum sit above?
Foramen magnum
What is the part of the cerebellum called that sites above the foramen magnum?
Cerebellar tonsils
What is it called when the tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum?
Cerebellar coning
What fissure seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
What type of nerve fibres are most likely to be carried in the corpus collosum?
Commissural fibres
What are the different types of nerve fibres?
Association
Commissural
Projection
What does the cerebrum sit on?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posteriorly, the tentorium cerebelli
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
Fold of dura mater which covers over the cerebellum
What is the fold of dura mater that covers over the cerebellum called?
Tentorium cerebelli
What lobe contains the primary motor cortex?
Frontal lobe
What lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
What lobe contains the primary sensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
What lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
What is A?
Postcentral gyrus
What is B?
Occipital lobe
What is C?
Transverse fissure
What is D?
Cerebellum
What is E?
Medulla
What is F?
Pons
What is G?
Lateral sulcus
What is H?
Temporal lobe
What is I?
Frontal pole
What is J?
Frontal lobe
What is K?
Precentral gyrys
What is L?
Central sulcus
What is M?
Parietal lobe
What is N?
Septum pellucidum
What is O?
Hypothalamus
What is P?
Pons
What is Q?
Midbrain
What is R?
Medulla
What is S?
Cerebellum
What is T?
4th ventricle
What is U?
Cerebral aquaduct
What is V?
Thalamus
What is W?
Choroid plexus
What is X?
Corpus collosum
What is A?
Inferior frontal sulcus
What is B?
Superior frontal sulcus
What is C?
Pre-central sulcus
What is D?
Central sulcus
What is E?
Post-central sulcus
What is F?
Marginal sucus
What is G?
Inter-parietal sulcus
What is H?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
What is I?
Lateral occpital sulcus
What is J?
Pre-occipital notch
What is K?
Inferior-temporal sulcus
What is L?
Superior temporal sulcus
What is M?
Lateral sulcus
What is N?
Ascending ramus
What is O?
Anterior ramus
What part of vertebrae is removed to expose spinal cord?
Spinous process
What muscle might be encountered when removing spinous processes to expose spinal cord?
Erector spinae
What ligaments might be encountered when removing spinous processes to expose spinal cord?
Ligamentum flavin
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
What other structures apart from the spinal cord and meninges lie in the spinal canal?
Blood vessels and nerves
Where does the spinal cord end in adults and children?
Children - between L2/L3
Adult - between L1/L2 (called conus medallis)
At what vertebra level does the dura mater terminate in children and adults?
Children - S3
Adults - S2
What vertebrae level does the arachnoid mater end at?
S2
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?
Extends as filum terminate
What vertebral level is a LP done?
L4/L5
How would you position a patient for a lumbar puncture to gain access to the lumbar cistern?
Spinal flexion to open space between vertebrae
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
What are lesions to spinal nerve called?
LMN lesions
What are lesions to the spinal cord called?
UMN lesions
Is damage to the cauda equina classified as UMN or LMN lesion?
LMN lesion
What are UMN and LMN lesions characterised by?
UMN - spasticity, increased muscle tone and complex sensory syndromes
LMN - flaccid paralysis, global sensory change
