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Core Biology > Nerves and hormones > Flashcards

Nerves and hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are your sensory organs and what receptors do they contain?

A

Your eyes (light receptors), ears (sound receptors), nose (smell receptors), tongue (taste receptors) and skin

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2
Q

What are stimuli?

A

light, sound, pressure, pain, chemicals and changes in position and temperature

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3
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

It consists of your spinal cord and brain, and is where all the information from the sensory organs are sent

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4
Q

What do neurons do?

A

They transmit the information as electrical impulses

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5
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands that respond to electrical impulses

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6
Q

What are synapses and how does information travel across them?

A

They are gaps which connect two neurons, and the electrical impulse in the neuron triggers chemical which go across the gap and set off a new electrical impulse in the next neuron

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7
Q

What are reflexes?

A

They are automatic responses to stimuli

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8
Q

What do reflexes do?

A

They help prevent injury

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9
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex

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10
Q

What does a reflex arc consist of?

A

The stimulus triggers the receptor, which sends an electrical impulse down the sensory neuron, then crosses a synapse to the relay neuron, then crosses another synapse to the motor neuron, then reaches an effector which responds

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11
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers sent in the blood, carried by the blood plasma to activate target cells

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12
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Glands

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13
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves are very fast and precise, but only last for a short time, whereas hormones are slower and act in a more general way, but last for a long time

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14
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries, and the build up and break down of the lining of the uterus

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15
Q

What happens on day 1?

A

The uterus lining starts to break down so bleeding starts

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16
Q

What happens on day 4?

A

The lining of the uterus starts to build up again, so bleeding stops

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17
Q

What happens on day 14?

A

An egg is released from the ovary

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18
Q

What happens on days 14-28?

A

The wall of the uterus is maintained and if on fertilised egg has landed on the uterus, the whole cycle begins again

19
Q

What does FSH do and where is it released?

A

It causes and egg to mature in one of the ovaries and stimulates production of oestrogen and it is produces in the pituitary gland

20
Q

What does oestrogen do and where is it released?

A

Stops release of FSH and causes release of LH, and it is produced in the ovaries

21
Q

What does LH do and where is is released?

A

It stimulates the release of an egg and is produced in the pituitary gland

22
Q

How does oestrogen reduce fertility?

A

It prevents the release of an egg and if taken every day it inhibits the production of FSH, so egg development is stopped

23
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A

It stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which stops the sperm from reaching the egg

24
Q

What are the pros of the pill?

A

It is over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and reduces the risk of some types of cancer

25
Q

What are the cons of the pill?

A

It isn’t 100% effective, it causes side effects like headaches and nausea and it doesn’t protect against STDs

26
Q

How can fertility be increased?

A

FSH and LH are injected into women to stimulate egg release from the ovaries

27
Q

What are the pros of increasing fertility?

A

It helps a lot of women get pregnant

28
Q

What are the cons of increasing fertility?

A

It doesn’t always work, more than one egg can be released at once causing multiple births and it is very expensive

29
Q

What is IVF?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation, which is when eggs are collected from a woman’s ovaries and fertilised in a lab using the man’s sperm, which are then grown into embryos and transferred into the mother’s uterus

30
Q

What are the pros of IVF?

A

An infertile couple can have a child

31
Q

What are the cons of IVF?

A

Multiple births are common due to more than one embryo growing into a baby, and there can be an increased risk of cancer

32
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant growth hormone that promotes growth in the shoot, and inhibits growth in the roots

33
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

In the tip of the shoot

34
Q

Do shoots grow towards or away from light and why?

A

They grow towards light as the auxin travels to the dark side, making that side grow faster, so the shoot bends towards the light

35
Q

Do roots grow towards or away from gravity and why?

A

They grow towards from gravity because the auxin will fall to the lower side causing it to grow slower and making the root bend towards gravity

36
Q

Do roots grow towards or away from water and why?

A

They grow towards water because the auxin will go to the wetter side of the root, so it will grow slower, causing the root to bend towards the water

37
Q

How do plant hormones help in agriculture?

A

They can be used as weedkillers as they can target only broad leafed plants which are mostly weeds so they grow too fast and die, and they can help plant cuttings grow by adding rooting powder which contains auxin to help them produce roots

38
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

It describes how your body keeps a constant internal environment

39
Q

What in your body needs to be controlled?

A

Water, sugar and salt content and temperature

40
Q

How is salt content regulated?

A

The kidneys remove excess from the blood in urine and you sweat a lot out

41
Q

How is water lost from the body?

A

Respiration, sweat and urine

42
Q

How is temperature controlled?

A

By the brain, which keeps your body at around 37 degrees

43
Q

How is blood sugar controlled?

A

Insulin maintains the right amount of sugar in your blood

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