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Nervous System > Nerve Tissue (lec 16) > Flashcards

Nerve Tissue (lec 16) Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the nervous system

A

Divided into 2 systems:
CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)

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2
Q

3 sub categories of PNS (peripheral NS)

A
  • somatic nervous sys. (SNS)
  • autonomic nervous sys. (ANS)
  • enteric nervous system (ENS)
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3
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) do? [part of PNS]

A

Transmits Signals:

  • Sensory: related to external stimuli from receptors in skin, muscles, joints, special sense organs
  • Motor: to skeletal muscles
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4
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) do? [part of PNS]

A

Transmits signals:

  • Sensory: related to internal stimuli from receptors in visceral organs/tissue
  • Motor: to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands that are located in the viscera of the body
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5
Q

Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • Satellite cells
    • create supportive framework & regulate composition of interstitial fluid
    • functionally similar to astrocytes
  • Schwann cells
    • produces myelin
    • functionally similar to oligodendrocytes
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6
Q

Neuroglia of the central nervous system

A
  • Astrocytes (star shaped)
    • main support cell
    • guide neuron development
    • maintain the blood-brain barrier
  • Oligodendrocytes
    • cells that produce myelin
  • Ependymal cells
    - line the canals and ventricular and produce Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Microglia
    • migrate around CNS & removes cellular debris & pathogens
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7
Q

What does the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) do? [part of PNS]

A

Transmits signals:
Sensory: internal stimuli (G.I Tract)
Motor: GI tract

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8
Q

2 types of cells nervous tissue consists of

A

Neuoglia (support cells that provide structure to nervous system)
- smaller but more abundant than neurons

Neurons (functional unit cells that transmit signals around the body)

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9
Q

EXAM INFO: Neuroglia

A

Will not need to label neuroglia’s of CNS on a diagram for final exam

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10
Q

What is Myelin

A

Fatty substance wrapped around Axons of some neurons.

  • protects axon
  • increases conduction speed of Axon
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11
Q

What is white matter

A

Region of myelinated axons

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12
Q

What is grey matter

A

region of unmyelinated axons / neuronal cell bodies.

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13
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  • Cell Body
    • expanded portion that contains the typical cell bits
  • Dendrites (input)
    • branched structures that transmit signals in response to stimuli toward cell body
  • Axon (output)
    • single long branch extending out from cell body that transmits action potentials away from cell body & toward axon terminals (only one way)
    • Axon terminals (transmit signals to a neuron/ effector cell [muscle cell or gland cell])
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14
Q

What is a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

What is a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglion

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16
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the CNS called

A

Tract

17
Q

What is a bundle of axons in the PNS called?

A

Nerve

18
Q

Axon transmits it’s signals in how many directions?

A

One - away from cell body

19
Q

Structural classification of Neurons

A

Multipolar
(Many dendrites and one axon extend out from cell body) [most common]
Bipolar
(One dendrite and one axon extend out from cell body) [special sense organs I.e. eye, ear]
Unipolar
(Dendrites and axon are fused) [ sensory neurons of PNS]

20
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

21
Q

What do Sensory neurons do

A
  • Transmit sensory signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS
22
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Transmit signals from the CNS to the peripheral effectors (muscle cells, gland cells)

23
Q

What do interneurons do?

A
  • transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons

- Contained entirely in the CNS

24
Q

Generation and propagation of electrical signals in neurons

A
25
Q

All cells have a ____________ generated by differences in the levels of positive and negative ions located inside and outside the cell.

A

resting membrane potential

26
Q

Neurons and muscle cells are unique in that their membrane potential can change in response to _________.

A

External stimuli

27
Q

In neurons membrane potential changes are classified as:

A

Graded potentials - (generated/transmitted in dendrites and cell bodies)
Action potentials - (generated/transmitted in axons)

28
Q

What are graded potentials?

A
  • Vary in magnitude
  • Small changes in small area of cell membrane that diminish in magnitude as they travel along the cell membrane (similar to ripples from when object falls into water)
  • can be excitatory (more positive) of inhibitory (more negative - further from threshold)
  • can undergo spatial and temporal summation (add together effects of graded potentials - net effect)
29
Q

What are action potentials?

A
  • Constant magnitude as it travels along cell membrane
  • Large change in the cell membrane potential
  • always excitatory (become more positive - closer to threshold)
  • cannot undergo summation
30
Q

What is this process called:
when an action potential travels down an axon to an axon terminal it is transmitted to another neuron across a small space called a synapse.

A

signal propogation between neurons

31
Q

What are the two types of synapse transmissions?

A

Electrical - direct transmission via small connecting channels
Chemical - indirect transmission via release of neurotransmitters

32
Q

excitatory meaning

A

produces a graded potential that brings the neuron’s cell membrane closer to threshold
- if cell membrane reaches threshold - action potential is generated in neurons axon

33
Q

inhibitory meaning

A

produces a graded potential that brings the neuron’s cell membrane further from threshold

Nervous System (7 decks)

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