nerve elements Flashcards

1
Q

_________ neurons (aka somatosensory), _________ neurons (aka motor), and __________ nerves are the components of a peripheral nerve

A

afferent
efferent
autonomic

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2
Q

PNS order of physical size

A

peripheral nerve > afferent and efferent fibers > fascicles (bundles of axons) > individual nerve fibers (aka axons)

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3
Q

functional unit is the

A

axon

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4
Q

________ cells surround the axon

A

schwann

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5
Q

_______ ______ are around the axons and between the axon and schwann cells

A

myelin sheaths are around the axons (in myelinated nerves) and between the axon and schwann cells

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6
Q

______ of _______ are interspersed among the axon at spaces that are not myelinated

A

nodes of ranvier

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7
Q

these nodes, or axon intervals, have _______ gated ______ ________ that propagate the nerve conduction and are primary site for LA action

A

voltage
Na channels

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8
Q

electrical impulses are conducted by localized depolarizations which transmit an electrical signal. resting membrane potential is negative _____ to _____ mV

A

-60 to -90

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9
Q

_________ gated _______ channels are the primary mediator for influx of ______ which propagates depolarization

A

voltage gated Na channels
Na

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10
Q

there are three states of the Na channel:

A
  1. activated open
  2. inactivated closed
  3. rested closed
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11
Q

LAs have the ability to block the channels in the ____ ____ _____ only

A

first two states only (activated open and inactivated closed)

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12
Q

the inability of the nerve to fire during inactivated state, the refractory period, prevents ______ _______ of the nerve impulses

A

retrograde conduction

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13
Q

nerve fibers can be _______ or __________

A

myelinated or unmyelinated

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14
Q

generally, myelinated are _____ fibers, have _______ conduction, and are associated with _______ and ______ function

A

larger
faster
motor and sensory function

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15
Q

unmyelinated fibers generally have _______ conduction and transmit ________, _______, and ________ impulses

A

slower
pain
temp
autonomic

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16
Q

nerve fiber size is classified as ___, ____, and _____, with ______ being the largest and _______ being the smallest

A

A, B, and C
A
C

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17
Q

A fibers have subgroups of _______, ________, _______, and ________ fibers, and are the most myelinated

A

alpha
beta
gamma
delta

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18
Q

alpha fibers functionality includes ______ _______ and _______-

A

motor signals
proprioception

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19
Q

beta fibers functionality includes ______, _______, and ______ recognition

A

motor, touch, and pressure

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20
Q

gamma fibers carry ______

A

reflexes

21
Q

delta fibers transmit _______ and ________

A

pain and temp

22
Q

B fibers have less myelination and carry _______ _______

A

autonomic signals

23
Q

C fibers are smallest fibers and are unmyelinated, they carry ______ and _______ signals

A

pain and temp

24
Q

with LAs, the ________ and ______ _______ the fibers are generally harder to block

A

larger and more myelinated

25
Q

the order of blockade is generally:

A

B fibers, C fibers, A delta fibers followed by the heavily myelinated fibers

recovery from LA occurs in reverse order

26
Q

CNS communication from the body (sensory) is through the ____________ aspect of the cord

A

dorsolateral

27
Q

CNS communication to the body occurs through the __________ from the _________ aspect of the cord

A

ventral root
ventrolateral

28
Q

2 roots converge to form a spinal nerve before dividing into the ______ and _______ _____ innervating the anterior and posterior structures

A

dorsal and ventral rami

29
Q

spinal nerves are comprised of ____ pairs: ____ cervical and ____ thoracic, ____ lumbar, _____ sacral, and ____ coccygeal nerve

A

31 pairs
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

30
Q

the vertebral bone components have multiple _________ of which the clinician should be aware

A

projections

31
Q

_____ levels
_____ cervical, _____ thoracic, ______ lumbar _____, sacral, and _____ coccyx

A

33 levels
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccyx

32
Q

spinous processes are directed _______ at the cervical levels while _______ at the lumbar levels

A

caudad
straight

33
Q

C6 correlates with

A

cricoid cartilage

34
Q

C7 is the

A

most prominent cervical level called “vertebral prominens”

35
Q

T2 correlates with the

A

superior angle of the scapula and sternal notch

36
Q

T4 is the

A

plane of ludwig that correlates carina and angle of Louis

37
Q

T7 is the

A

inferior angle of the scapulae

38
Q

T9 is the

A

Xiphoid

39
Q

T10 correlates with the

A

umbilicus

40
Q

L4 correlates with the

A

superior iliac crest

41
Q

spinal nerves and their level of origin are not always exactly in line with the ______ _______ of the body where they provide coverage. the ______ _______ will show a different spinal nerve level than the vertebral height

A

surface landmark
dermatome chart

42
Q

brachial plexus is formed by ____-_____ between the _______ and ______ _______ muscles

A

C5-T1
anterior and middle scalene

43
Q

radial nerve forms from _____-_____. functionally operates the ______, supination of the ________, extension of the _______, abduction of the ______, and extension of ______ ______

A

C5-T1
triceps
forearm
wrist
thumb
other fingers

44
Q

median nerve forms by _______ and _______ cords and follows the track of the brachial artery lying medially to it. functionally it flexes the _________, pronates the ________, flexes the _______, flexes the ______&______, abducts the ______

A

lateral and medial cords
flexes the elbow
pronates the forearm
flexes the wrist
flexes the fingers and thumb
abducts the thumb

45
Q

ulnar nerve - formed by ____-____, follows the _____ ______ following the posterior aspect of the medial epicondyle. flexion of the _____, ______, and ____ _______, adduction of ________, adduction of ________, flexion of ______

A

C8-T1
follows the brachial artery
flexion of the wrist, ring, and small fingers
adduction of fingers
adduction of thumb
flexion of thumb

46
Q

spinal nerves travel in the intercostal spaces and to the thoracic and abdominal compartments and are called _______ ________

A

intercostal nerves

47
Q

femoral nerve develops from _____-_____

A

L2-L4

48
Q

sciatic nerve is formed from _______ (___-___) and _____ ______ ______ (___-___)

A

tibial (L4-S3)
common peroneal nerves (L4-S2)

49
Q

sciatic nerve functionally extends the _____, flexes the _____, plantar flexes ______, dorsiflexes ____ and all movement of the toes.

A

sciatic nerve functionally extends the hips, flexes the knee, plantar flexes the ankle, dorsiflexes the ankle, and all movement of toes