Nerous System (Lec 3)

Question 1

sensory neurons:

 function 
example of disease

Answer 1

acquire info from environment, respond to physical features such as temp, light, chemicals, touch

disease: Syphilis

Question 2

interneuron:

function 
example of disease

Answer 2

process info and pass to motorneurons

disease: Parkinson

Question 3

motor neuron:

Answer 3

respond

disease: ALS

Question 4

List and Explain Neuron Structure

Answer 4

Dendrites: receiver
Cell body: “factory”, organelles for protein creation, etc.
Axon: conducts action potential away from cell body
synapse/axon terminal (20 nm gap)

connection specificity: connects with some neurons but not others

info travels only in one direction

Question 5

List and explain 3 types of glial cells

Answer 5

oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath )
scwhann cells
astrocytes: blood brain barrier, surrounds blood vessels in brain

Question 6

Satellite cells

Answer 6

type of glial cell that line the exterior surface of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Question 7

glial cell diseas

Answer 7

multiple sclerosis, affects

Question 8

astrocytes

Answer 8

star-shaped glial cel, many functions including supporting endothelial cels blood brain barrier

Question 9

dendrites

Answer 9

long receivers of a neuron (could contain hundreds of thousands), summation of receptors firg

Question 10

selective leak channel:

mechanically gated channels:

Answer 10

always open and allow only certain ion (K+) leak channel assists with creating negative potential (depolarization) along w/ sodium potassium pump

Question 11

ion-gated channels:

Answer 11

open due to change in potential

Question 12

chemically (ligand)-gated channel:

Answer 12

requires a specific chemical (ligand) to open the gate

Question 13

mechanically gated channels:

Answer 13

conformational change caused by pressure etc.

Question 14

synapse: what ion is involved in the release of neurotransmitters

Answer 14

Ca2+

Question 15

what are excitatory signals? What are two examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 15

Excitatory signals open Na= channels and increase potential (leading toward depolarization)

examples: acetylcholine, glutamate

Question 16

what are inhibitory signals? What are two examples of excitatory neurotransmitters?

Answer 16

inhibitory signals open K+ or Cl - channels and decrease potential (leading toward hyper-polarization)

examples: GABA and glycine

Question 17

What are the two types of post-synaptic receptors?

Answer 17

ionotropic receptor: ion channels, instantaneous change in membrane potential
metabotropic receptor: induced signal cascade that lead to changes in ion channels
(example: G Protein)

Question 18

What was the importance of Broca’ patient?

Answer 18

Brocca’s Area: couldn’t speak but understood language, damaged the area of brain that is important for motor aspects of language

Question 19

What was the importance of Wernicke’s patient?

Answer 19

Wernicke’s area: had difficulty concentrating auditory and visual information into a coherent conclusion

Question 20

What was the importance of Penfield experiment?

Answer 20

Penfield: stimulating the brains of epilepsy patients led to triggering vivid and specific memories. Indicating memories can be activated by stimulation specific locations in the hippocampus.

Question 21

What was the importance of HM experiment?

Answer 21

Removed part of temporal lobe (epilepsy). Short-term memory could no longer function after surgery, but long0term memory sustained. He could create long-term memories through repetition over time, Short-term and long-term memory are stored with different mechanism and in different locations.

Question 22

Difference between explicit and implicit memory

Answer 22

Explicit: conscious recall, declarative memory
facts, events, people,

location: medial temporal lobe and hippocampus

Implicit: unconscious recall, once mastered, becomes unconscious

location: amygdala, cerebellum, reflex pathways

Explicit memories can move to implicit memories when mastered

Short-term memory to long-term memory require
repetition and the synthesis of new proteins

Question 23

Aplysia experiment

Answer 23

1) Initial shocks to sensory organ (siphon) created an action potential and direct path to motor neuron, causing the gill to contract
2) Repeated short-term shocks led to the involvement of an interneuron that release seratonin that activates PKA, triggering another chemical pathway that enhances the release of glutamate causing a more vigorous response (contraction of gill).
3) Repeated shocks in the long-term led to continous release of seratonin, which activated CREB that enhanced gene expression. This led to a new synaptic connection. The long-term learnd behavior involved the creation of new proteins where the short-term learning did not.

Question 24

What is G-Protein?

Answer 24

G Protein coupled receptor is a transmembrane receptor involved with secondary messaging. G protein coupled receptors have a an extracellular and intracellular domain. The extracellular domain binds with a ligand, that causes a conformational change that releases the intracellular domain of the G proetin. the alph subunit detaches from the beta and gamma sub units