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Biology (B) Test 1 > Biology Test 1 - Lec 2 > Flashcards

Biology Test 1 - Lec 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

dimerization:

A

when subunits join, monomers forming polymers

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2
Q

phosphorylation:

A

a phosphate (PO43-) group binds to to a protein or other organic molecule, turns many protein enzymes on and off, thereby altering their function and activity.

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3
Q

assay:

A

assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence or amount or the functional activity of a target entity

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4
Q

polymerase:

A

enzyme that synthesizes polymers of nucleic acids

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5
Q

peptide:

A

chain of amino acids

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6
Q

The steps of signalling pathway

A

Signaling Pathway

1) signaling: signaling cell releases signal (small peptide or molecule)
2) receptor: signal binds to receptor (adjacent cell/same cell)
3) signal transduction: intracellular pathway activated, change expression of proteins inside cell
4) Response: cell responds according to signal>receptor>transduction message

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7
Q

autocrine signaling:

A

when cells signal/communicate w/ themselves

examples: melanocytes and skin cell pigmentation, peptide released

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8
Q

juxtacrine signalling:

A
  • cells in direct physical contact communicating

- signalling molecule and receptors are on external membranes and touch directly

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9
Q

examples of juxtacrine signalling

A

example: notch signalling in development (do we need to know this from E1a)

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10
Q

paracrine signaling

A

cells that talk to neighbors (20 cell diameters distance)

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11
Q

examples of autocrine signalling

A

examples: melanocytes and skin cell pigmentation, peptide released

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12
Q

examples of endocrine signalling

A

pituitary release peptide into bloodstream, activates adrenal gland to produce cortisol (stress hormone)

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13
Q

examples of paracrine

A

neurotransmitters (across synapse)

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14
Q

kinase:

A

modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them

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15
Q

phosphorylation:

A

adding phosphate to a protein, which causes a change in the protein (turn on and off)

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16
Q

transcription factors:

A

affect gene experssion

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17
Q

what chemicals are signaling molecules?

A

ligands, peptides, proteins

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18
Q

Explain notch signaling:

A

signalling process where ligand proteins bind to the extracellular region, cleaving and releasing intracellular domain that enters the nucleus, modifying gene expression

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19
Q

cAMP:

A

a second messenger that activates kinases and causes phosphorylation

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20
Q

G Protein

A

intracellular portion of transmembrane receptor ??? details on slide 21 lecture 2

Hormone (extracellular) > G Protein > Adenylyl Cyclase > ATP > cAMP > transcription factors in DNA

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21
Q

3 Types of Transmembrane Receptors

A

1) G Protein coupled receptors
2) receptor kinases
3) ligand-gated ion gated channels

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22
Q

ECM

A

scaffolding, mostly made of polysaccarides

23
Q

3 Types of Junctions

A

Anchoring junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions

24
Q

what are four types of anchoring junctions

A

adherens junction: cell-to-cell junctions
desmosomes: intermdiate filament, cahderin
hemidesmosomes: intermedia filamen, integrin
focal adhesions: bind cell to ECM

25
Q

adherens junction:

A

cell-to-cell junctions, use cadherins

26
Q

focal adhesions:

A

bind cell to ECM, use Cadherins: two cadherins bind cell to ECM

27
Q

Explain the difference between cadherins and Integrins

external and internal connections?

A

Cadherin: cell to cell adhesion, require Ca2+ ions

Integrin: cell to ECM connection, no need Ca2+

both transmembrane proteins:

external: cell to cell
internal: connects cadherin to cytoskeleton

28
Q

Difference between extracellular and intracellular receptors

A

intra - iigand crosses membrane and binds within the cell

extra: binds at receptor site on membrane

29
Q

Describe the acetylcholine receptor

A

respond to acetylcholine and possibly other signaling molecules

30
Q

Details of Protein Kinase Receptor

A

See page 23 Lecture 2

31
Q

What are the 3 changes that can in response to Signal Transduction

A

1) conformational change: (phosphorylation)
2) change in protein-protein interaction
3) degredation

32
Q

What are the adhesive proteins of the ECM

A

fibronectin - binds to integrin (anchoring junctions)
integrin - bind to fibronectin
laminin - major protein of basil lamina, structural founcation fo epithelial sheets in digestive track, epidermis, and endothelial cells

33
Q

fibronectin

A
  • binds to integrin at anchoring junctions
34
Q

laminin

A

protein of basil lamina,

major protein of basil lamina, structural foundation for epithelial sheets in digestive track, epidermis, and endothelial cells

35
Q

what are the structural proteins of ECM

A

collagen: main protein found in bone, cartilage, tendon
elastin: elastic, expands and returns to shape

36
Q

collegen

A

main protein found in bone, cartilage, and tendon, ECM

37
Q

elastin

A

elastic, expands and returns to shape

38
Q

cadherin

A

cell to cell binding,

self-ordering/self segregation (prefers like cells first)

39
Q

integrins

A

cell to extracellular matrix binding

40
Q

cell adhesion

A

connects cells to each other and ECM

41
Q

keratinocytes

A

cells found on basal lamina (protect against adjoining environment)

42
Q

epithelial:

A

layers of cells that line outside of body and inside of intestine, vessels

43
Q

basil lamina:

A

part of ECM that connects to cells via keratinocytes to underlies and support epithelial tissues

44
Q

connetive tissue:

A

few cells and lots of ECM

45
Q

dynamic instability:

A

constant breakdown and regrowth of cytoskeleton

important for exploring space and restructuring, plus cell division

46
Q

desmosomes:

A

intermdiate filament, cahderin

47
Q

hemidesmosomes:

A

intermedia filamen, integrin

48
Q

Why was compartmentalization important in development of protobionts?

A

molecules are segregated and then replicate. If self-replicating molecules have capacity to catalyze the replication of OTHER molecules, compartmentalization reduces competition. Increases frequency of replication among specific molecules.

49
Q

What characteristics of life do viruses have, what characteristics don’t they have?

A

Can: evolve (prone to mutation), respond to environment,

Cannot: metabolize ( rely on host organisms)

50
Q

lytic vs lysogenic

A

lytic: different molecule w/in cell
lysogenic: incorporates in cells DNA

51
Q

fibronectin:

A

mechanical linkage and focuses regulatory signals to specific integrin sites

52
Q

endothelial versus epithelial

A

endo - line blood vessels, and lymph system

epithelial: line the

53
Q

epithelial cells

A

line organs w/ cavities,

Functions: secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation

avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue

Biology (B) Test 1 (7 decks)

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