Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 1

Primary peritonitis, cellulitis, sepsis

Answer 1

Caused by urinary loss of IgG, B, and D of complement Zn

Question 2

Hypercoagulable state

Answer 2

Caused by Low AT-III, protein S, and protein C. High factors V, VII, VIII, fibrinogen. Increased platelet activation

Question 3

Vein clotting

Answer 3

Caused by serum albumin <2 gm.dl

Question 4

Anemia

Answer 4

Caused by loss of erythropoietin and transferrin

Question 5

HLD

Answer 5

Caused by increased synthesis of lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein

Question 6

Abnormal thyroid function

Answer 6

Caused by loss of TBG

Question 7

Hypocalcemia and bone disease

Answer 7

Caused by loss of vitamin D binding protein

Question 8

Activation of renin-angiotensin system eventually leading to HTN

Answer 8

Caused by macula densa sensing low arterial blood volume

Question 9

Edema

Answer 9

Caused by leakage of fluid into the interstitial space

Question 10

Acute kidney injury and low GFR

Answer 10

Caused by afferent vasoconstriction sensing low blood volume, disease leading to scarring of nephrons, back leakage of proteins in tubules inciting inflammation, tubular necrosis due to ischemia