Nephrology and Urology Flashcards
What are the 4 characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
proteinuria (>3.5 g/day)
hyperlipidemia
edema
hypoalbuminemia
What is the MC nephrotic syndrome in kids?
minimal change disease
What is the MC nephrotic syndrome in AA?
Focal Segmental Glomerularsclerosis
What is the MC nephrotic in caucasian adults?
membranous nephropathy
tx for minimal change disease?
corticosteroids
What is the gold standard to dx nephrotic?
24 hr urine collection
What are the hallmarks of acute glomerulonephritis?
HTN
hematuria (RBC casts)
dependent edema (proteinuria)
azotemia
What diseases only cause rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
vasculitis (Microscopic polyangiitis- pANCA, granulomatosis with polyagniitis- cANCA ie wegeners)
Goodpasture’s disease (lung and kidneys- hemoptysis)
What are the types of AKI?
prerenal**
intrarenal
postrenal
What is the MC type of AKI?
pre-renal
What is the MC type of intrarenal kidney injury?
acute tubular necrosis
Epithelial cell casts and muddy brown casts point to what?
intrinsic kidney injury- acute tubular necrosis
WBC casts point to what kidney problem?
intrinsic kidney injury- acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
RBC casts point to what kidney problem?
intrinsic kidney injury- glomerular (acute glomerulonephritis)
Hyaline casts point to what kidney problem?
nonspecific, can be normal
Fatty casts are seen in what kidney problem?
nephrotic syndrome
What is pyuria MC due to?
infection
What heart problem is associated with polycystic kidney disease?
mitral valve prolapse
Hyperparathyroidism causes a deficiency in what mineral?
phosphorus
What is the MC cause of hyperphosphatemia?
renal failure
What is the cut-off between microalbuminemia and macro?
300 mg/day
nephrotic is >3 g/d
What are the common causes of renal disease?
DM
HTN
glomerulonephritis
What is the best predictor of CKD?
proteinuria
what is the preferred way to determine proteinuria in CKD?
spot UAlbumin/UCreatinine Ratio (ACR)
