Nephrology

Question 1

Treatment of Severe albuminuria

Answer 1

should be treated with renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria. Hyperlipidemia should be treated with cholesterol-lowering medications. Edema should be managed with diuretics and dietary sodium restriction.

Question 2

Serum osmolar calculation

Answer 2

Serum Osmolality (mOsm/kg H2O) = (2 × Serum Sodium [mEq/L]) + Plasma Glucose (mg/dL)/18 + Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)/2.8

Question 3

Ethylene glycol or methanol intoxication shared features

Answer 3

increased anion gap metabolic acidosis and neurologic symptoms. However, they are usually accompanied by a serum osmolal gap >10 mOsm/kg H2O (6 mOsm/kg H2O in this case) and a serum bicarbonate level <10 mEq/L (10 mmol/L).

Question 4

Initial management of membranous glomerulopathy

Answer 4

Patients with newly diagnosed primary membranous glomerulopathy are usually observed for 6 to 12 months while on conservative therapy (renin-angiotensin blockade, cholesterol-lowering medication, and edema management) to allow time for possible spontaneous remission before initiating immunosuppression.