Nephrology

Question 1

What do ACEi do to the renal arterioles?

Answer 1

Efferent dilation

Question 2

What is the usefulness of the urea to creatinine ratio in AKI?

Answer 2

Helps determine what the cause of AKI is

>100:1 - pre-renal (increased urea absorption)

40-100:1 - post renal (normal)

<40:1 - intrinsic (urea unable to be absorbed)

Question 3

What is renal tubular acidosis?

Answer 3

Hypercholoremic (normal anion gap) metabolic acidosis in the presence of normal or almost normal renal function

Question 4

What is defective in renal tubular acidosis?

Answer 4

Transport of HCO₃^- and/or H⁺

Question 5

What are the 3 main clinical features of Alport syndrome?

Answer 5

1. Nephritic syndrome
2. Sensorineural hearing loss
3. Eye findings (lenticonus)

Question 6

How can calcium oxalate kidney stones be prevented?

Answer 6

Dietary modification (low oxalate)

Urine alkalinisation

Thiazide diuretic

Question 7

What foods are high in oxalic acid?

Answer 7

Beetroot

Beans

Dark green vegetables

Question 8

What is the best investigation for nephrolithiasis?

Answer 8

Non-contrast CT of the pelvis and abdomen

Question 9

What does the presence of RBC casts in urine suggest?

Answer 9

Virtually diagnostic of glomerulonephritis or vasculitis

Question 10

How is anaemia treated in patients with CKD?

Answer 10

Iron if deficient

Erythropoiesis-sitmulating agents (ESAs) e.g., darbepoetin

Question 11

When does IgA nephropathy occur?

Answer 11

During or immediately following a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection

Post-strep glomerulonephritis occurs 10-30 days following

Question 12

How long following strep infection does glomerulonephritis occur?

Answer 12

10-30 days