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Wolfpacc Clues > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the Nephron concentrates urine?

A

medulla

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2
Q

What is Goldblatt’s Kidney?

A

Flea-bitten kidney (ruptured capillaries from high blood pressure)

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3
Q

What is Azotemia?

A

Increased BUN/Creatinine ratio

renal failure

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4
Q

What is uremia?

A

Azotemia (renal failure) with symptoms

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5
Q

What is Nephritic Kidney Disease?

A

Inflammation with protein loss <3.5 in urine

Increased size of Fenestrations, RBC casts, HTN

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6
Q

What is Nephrotic Kidney Disease?

A

Lostbasement membrange charge
Proteinuria >3.5
hypercoagulable
lipiduria

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7
Q

What is seen in RPGN?

A

Crescents

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8
Q

What is Drug Induced Hypersensitivity?

A

Eosinophils in the urine

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9
Q

What is PSGN?

A

Most common in kids. Subepithelial humps (IgG/C3/C4 deposition) lumpy bumpy on EM and ASO antibodies

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10
Q

What is MGM?

A

BM spikes, granular/linear supepithelial spikes and closes

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11
Q

What is MPGN

A

Tram tracks seen (Type II has low C3) on LM

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12
Q

What is MCD?

A

Most common nephrotic in kids, fused foot processes, no renal failure, loss of charge barrier

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13
Q

What is FSGS?

A

Most common in IVDA, AA, Hispanics and HIV patients

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14
Q

What are the Vasculitis associated with LOW C3?

A 
"PMS in Salt Lake City"
Post-Strep GN
Membranoproliferative
Glomerulonephritis Type II
Sub Bacterial endocarditis
Serum Sickness
Lupus
Cryoglobulinemia
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15
Q

What is the Most Common Cause of Kidney Stones?

A

Dehydration

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16
Q

What is the Most common type of Kidney Stone?

A

Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Oxalate

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17
Q

What type of Kidney Stones have Coffin-Lid Crystals?

A

Triple Phosphate (Struvite)

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18
Q

What type of kidney stones have Rosette Crystals?

A

Uric acid

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19
Q

What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?

A

Cysteine

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20
Q

What type of kidney stones have envelope or dumbbell-shaped crystals?

A

oxalate

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21
Q

What disease has Aniridia?

A

Wilms Tumor

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22
Q

What disease has Iridocyclitis?

A

Juvenile TA

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23
Q

What is Phimosis?

A

Foreskin scarred at penis head

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24
Q

What is Paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin scarre at penis base

foreskin will strangulate the gland

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25
Q

What is Urge incontinence?

A

Urgency leads to complete voiding detrusor spasticity leads to small bladder volume

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26
Q

What is Stress Incontinence?

A

Weak pelvic floor muscles, urinating when coughing, laughing, etc. Estrogen effect

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27
Q

What is Overflow Incontinence?

A

Cannot completely empty bladder

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28
Q

What structures have one-way valves?

A

Urethra and ejaculatory duct

29
Q

What structures have Fake sphincters?

A

Ureters, LES, Ileocecal valve

30
Q

What has WBC Casts?

A

Nephritis

31
Q

What has WBC Casts ONLY?

A

Pyelonephritis

32
Q

What has WBC casts and eosinophils?

A

Interstitial Nephritis (Allergies)

33
Q

What has WBC Casts and RBC Casts?

A

Glomerulonephritis

34
Q

What has Fat Casts?

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

35
Q

What has Waxy Casts?

A

Chronic Renal Failure

36
Q

What has Tubular Casts?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

37
Q

What has Muddy Brown Casts?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

38
Q

What has Hyaline Casts?

A

Normal sloughing

39
Q

What has Epithelial Casts?

A

Normal sloughing

40
Q

What has Crescents?

A

RPGN

41
Q

How do you measure afferent renal function?

A

Creatinine or Inulin

42
Q

How do you measure efferent renal function?

A

BUN or PAH

43
Q

What is the afferent arteriole’s job?

A

Monitor pressure (JG cells-Renin release)

44
Q

What is the efferent arteriole’s job?

A

To secrete

45
Q

What can you measure to test afferent arteriole’s function?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or Inulin

46
Q

What can you measure to test afferent arteriole’s function?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or Inulin

47
Q

How do you test efferent arteriole function?

A

Renal plasma flow (RPF) or PAH

48
Q

What is Pre-Renal Failure?

A

Low flow to kidney; BUN; Creatinine ratio >20/1 in the serum

49
Q

What is intra-Renal Failure?

A

Damaged Glomerulus or tubules; BUN: Creatinine Ratio <20/1

50
Q

What is Post-Renal Failure?

A

Obstruction (hydronephrosis)

51
Q

What is the job of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Reabsorb Glucose, Amino Acids, Salt, Bicarb. >60-80% Reabsorption occurs here

52
Q

What is the job of the Thin Descending Loop of Henle?

A

Reabsorbs Water

53
Q

What is the job of the TAL of Henle?

A

Makes the concentration gradient by reabsorbing Na, K, Cl, Mg, and Ca without water. (Impermeable to H2O)

54
Q

What is the job of the early distal tubule?

A

Concentrate urine by reabsorbing NaCl

55
Q

What is the job of the late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct?

A

Final concentration of urine by reabsorbing water and excretion of acid

56
Q

What does the Macula Densa do?

A

Measures osmolality (osmoles of solute-kg)

57
Q

What does the JGA do?

A

Measures volume, secretes renin (low volume state)

58
Q

What is Fanconi Syndrome?

A

Due to old Tetracycline use

Produces Urine phosphates, Glucose, and Amino Acids

59
Q

What is Bartter’s Syndrome?

A

JG cell hyperplasia with renin excess, no increase in blood pressure, defect in kidney’s ability to reabsorb potassium

60
Q

What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?

A

Drinking a lot of water, diluting Na in blood

61
Q

What is Hepatorenal Syndrome?

A

High urea from the Liver leads to: increased Glutaminase, Ammonia, GABA- Kidney shuts down

62
Q

What is Type I RTA?

A

Distal RTA: H/K in collecting duct is broken, high urine pH

63
Q

What is Type 2 RTA?

A

Proximal RTA: bad Carbonic Anhydrase, lost all HCO3-

64
Q

What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?

A

This happens when you correct serum sodium faster than 0.5 mEq/hr. (infarct the PONS- patient can only blink)

65
Q

What disease states have increased Anion Gap?

A 
"MUDPILES"
Methanol
Uremia
DKA
Paraldehyde/Phenoformin
INH/ Iron tablets
Lactic Acidosis
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylates
66
Q

What are the IgA Nephropathies?

A

HSP
Berger’s
Alport Syndrome

67
Q

What is the most common Nephrotic disease in diabetics?

A

Nodular Sclerosis

68
Q

What is the most common Nephrotic disease complication with cancer?

A

Amyloidosis

Wolfpacc Clues (16 decks)

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