Nephrology

Question 1

Diagnosis: waxy casts?

Answer 1

Chronic kidney disease

Question 2

Diagnosis: leukocyte esterase in urinalysis?

Answer 2

Suggests UTI

Question 3

What is delta gap?

Answer 3

Anion gap minus 12 plus the patient’s HCO₃

Question 4

What does delta gap of 24 signify?

Answer 4

There is concommitant metabolic acidosis

Question 5

Diagnosis: glomerular, “muddy brown” casts?

Answer 5

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Question 6

What anion gap suggests metabolic acidosis?

Answer 6

Anion gap =>20

Question 7

What does a delta gap > 30 signify?

Answer 7

Concommittant metabolic alkalosis

Question 8

Identify the primary disorder: pH > 7.4, HCO₃ > 24

Answer 8

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

What are the causes of gap acidosis?

Answer 9

Use the mnemonic MUDPILERS

M=methanol

D=diabetic acidosis

P=paraldehyde

I=INH, Iron

L=Lactic acidosis

E=ethylene glycol

R=rhabdomyolysis

S=salicylates

Question 10

How do you determine the anion gap?

Answer 10

Sodium minus HCO₃ and chloride

Question 11

Diagnosis: WBC casts?

Answer 11

Pyelonephritis or

Interstitial nephritis

Question 12

What is the normal anion gap?

Answer 12

12

Question 13

Identify the primary disorder: pH > 7.40, pCO₂ 40

Answer 13

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 14

Diagnosis: Nitrate in urinalysis?

Answer 14

Gram - bacteriuria

Question 15

What are RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs associated with?

Answer 15

Glomerulonephritis