Nephrology

Question 1

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 1

Bleeding, dehydration etc
Stop the losses and replace the lost volume

Question 2

Septic shock

Answer 2

Due to vasodilation caused by the endotoxins from the organism
Rx the sepsis
Give some fluids, but due to the increase permeability with sepsis, you will continue to have 3rd space losses
Therefore add Adrenaline (inotropes) once sufficient fluid has been given

Question 3

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 3

Because the heart can not pump sufficiently to perfuse the organs
Use inotropes to assist the heart
Specifically Dobutamine and not Adrenaline, since it reduces the peripheral resistance while being positive inotropic

Question 4

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 4

Due to vasodilatation
Counteract with adrenaline

Question 5

Spinal shock

Answer 5

Loss of peripheral vasomotor control due to spinal lesion
Counteract with adrenaline

Question 6

Nephrotic syndrome (Signs)

Answer 6

Hypertension
Oedema
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia
Raised Cholesterol
Hypercoagubility

Question 7

Nephrotic syndrome (Causes)

Answer 7

Primary
Minimal change disease
FSGS
Membranous

Secondary
Diabetes
HIVA

Question 8

Nephrotic syndrome (Management)

Answer 8

Rx the cause
Reduce the proteinuria
ACEi
Anti-coagulate
Rx the Hpt