Nephrolithiasis

Question 1

MC type of kidney stone

Answer 1

Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

Question 2

Average rate of stone formation in recurrent stone formers

Answer 2

One stone every 3 years

Question 3

Only radiolucent kidney stone on standard x-rays

Answer 3

Uric acid

Question 4

Anticonvulsant causing calcium nephrolithiasis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase

Answer 4

Topiramate

Question 5

Apatite structures in the renal papillae providing an excellent surface for the heterogenous nucleation of calcium oxalate salts

Answer 5

Randall’s plaques

Question 6

MC metabolic abnormality in patients with nephrolithiasis

Answer 6

Idiopathic hypercalciuria

Question 7

Major risk factor for uric acid stone formation

Answer 7

Persistently acidic urine

Question 8

Urine crystals appearing rectangular, coffin lid-like prisms on microscopy

Answer 8

Struvite

Question 9

Presence of hexagonal platelike crystals in the urine

Answer 9

Cystinuria

Question 10

“Infection stones” mainly in women who require chronic bladder catheterization and result from UTI with urease-producing bacteria such as Proteus

Answer 10

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 11

Medical treatment for struvite stone not amenable for surgery

Answer 11

Acetohydroxamic acid

Question 12

Associated with excessive production of uric acid stones

Answer 12

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Question 13

MCC of acute UTIs

Answer 13

E.coli

S.saprophyticus

Question 14

MC pathway for most renal parenchymal infections (pyelonephritis)

Answer 14

Ascending infection up to the ureter

Question 15

Highly suggestive of urine culture yielding Salmonella or Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 15

Hematogenous spread from a distant source

Question 16

Critical initial step in the pathogenesis of UTIs

Answer 16

Colonization of vaginal introitus and periurethral areaw with colonic bacteria

Question 17

Cause of obstructive uropathy in diabetics with pyelonephritis

Answer 17

Acute papillary necrosis

Question 18

Severe form of pyelonephritis associated with production of gas in renal and perinephric tissues

Answer 18

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

exclusively in Diabetes

Question 19

Unusually severe form of UTI occurs when chronic urinary tract obstruction often by staghorn calculi and chronic infection leading to suppurative destruction of renal tissue

Answer 19

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis