NEPHRO

Question 1

When is the formation of nephrons are completed?

Answer 1

34-36 weeks

Question 2

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 2

is the net result of opposing forces applied
across the capillary wall

Question 3

What is ultrafiltration?

Answer 3

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

What is the force for ultrafiltration?

Answer 4

result of systemic arterial pressure, modified
by the tone of the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 5

What is glomerular capillary oncotic pressure?

Answer 5

created by the gradient between the high concentration of plasma proteins within the capillary and the almost protein-free ultrafiltrate in Bowman’s space.

Question 6

What influences the level of creatinine?

Answer 6

muscle mass and the level of glomerular function

Question 7

What influences the level of BUN

Answer 7

state of hydration and nitrogen balance

Question 8

What is hematuria?

Answer 8

persistent presence of > 5 RBCs/HPF in uncentrifuged urine

occurs in 4–6% of urine samples from school-age children

Question 9

What is significant hematuria?

Answer 9

> 50 RBCs/HPF

Question 10

What are the instances of having false negative result of hematuria?

Answer 10

1. formalin
2. high urinary concentrations
   of ascorbic acid (i.e., in patients with vitamin C intake > 2,000 mg/ day)

Question 11

What are the instances of having false positive result of hematuria?

Answer 11

1. alkaline urine (pH > 8)
2. contamination with oxidizing agents such used to clean the perineum before obtaining a specimen

Question 12

What is hemoglobinuria?

Answer 12

without hematuria that can occur in the presence of acute or chronic hemolysis.

Question 13

What is myoglobinuria?

Answer 13

without hematuria occurs in the
presence of rhabdomyolysis resulting from skeletal muscle injury and is generally associated with a 5-fold increase in the plasma concentration of creatinine kinase

Question 14

Upper urinary tract sources of
hematuria originate where?

Answer 14

within the nephron (glomerulus, tubular system,
or interstitium

Question 15

Lower urinary tract sources of hematuria originate from where?

Answer 15

1. pelvocaliceal system
2. ureter
3. bladder
4. urethra

Question 16

Hematuria from within the glomerulus is often associated with what?

Answer 16

1. brown
2. cola- or tea-colored
3. burgundy urine
4. proteinuria > 100 mg/dL via dipstick
5. urinary microscopic findings of RBC casts, and deformed urinary RBCs (particularly acanthocytes)

Question 17

Hematuria originating within the
tubular system may be associated with what?

Answer 17

the presence of leukocytes or renal tubular casts