Nephro

Question 1

Hematuria
Glomerular origin is suggested by

Answer 1

Dysmorphic erythrocytes

Question 2

Anion gap is calculated as

Answer 2

AG= Na - ( CL + Hco3)

Question 3

Delta-Delta ratio

Answer 3

= ( AG - 12 ) / ( 25 - HCO3)

Question 4

Delta- delta ratio interpretation

Answer 4

< 1 ; + NAGMA

1-2 ; pure HAGMA

> 2 ; + metabolic alkalosis

Question 5

Osmolar gap formula

Answer 5

= measured osmolality - calculated osmolality

Question 6

Plasma osmolality is calculated by

Answer 6

( 2x Na ) + Glucose + urea

Question 7

causes of Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 7

VALH
1. Vomiting

2. Antacid use
3. Loop diuretics
4. Hyperaldosteronism

Question 8

NAGMA causes

Answer 8

HARD ASS
1. hyperalimentation ( TPN)

2. Addison disease
3. RTA
4. Diarrhea
5. Acetazolamide
6. Spironolactone
7. Saline infusion

Question 9

HAGMA causes

Answer 9

Renal: uremic acidosis when GFR < 15-20

Extrarenal :
Lactic acidosis
DKA
Starvation ketoacidosis
Alcoholic keto acidosis
Poisoning

Question 10

Treatment of chronic HTN in pregnancy if BP

Answer 10

SBP >= 160 or DBP > =110

Question 11

Treatment of Lithium induced DI

Answer 11

Amiloride

Question 12

Ttt of RTA type 1

Answer 12

Potassium citrate

Question 13

Ttt of RTA type 2

Answer 13

Bicarbonate + - thiazide

Question 14

Ttt of RTA type 4

Answer 14

Correct the underlying cause
Thiazide or loop

Question 15

Causes of Urine Cl< 15

Answer 15

Vomiting
Nasogastric suction
Diuretics

Question 16

Urine cl > 15 + HTN + Hypo K

Answer 16

Cushing
1ry hyperaldosteronism

Question 17

Urine cl > 15 + Hypo K without HTN

Answer 17

Bartter’s syndrome

Gitelman’s syndrome

Question 18

Correction rate of hyper Na

Answer 18

=< 0.5 mmol/hr with goal correction of 10 -12 mmol / day

Question 19

Ttt acute symptomatic isovolemic hypotonic hypo Na

Answer 19

100 ml bolus 3% saline to increase S.Na by 2-3 mmol/l

Question 20

Correction Target of chronic symptomatic isovolemic hypotonic hypo Na

Answer 20

4-6 mmol /l over 24 hrs

Question 21

Ttt osmotic demyelination syndrome

Answer 21

Desmontes sin & iv D5%w

Question 22

Tolvaptan indicated in

Answer 22

S.Na < 120
Persistent SIADH that failed to water restriction

Question 23

Tolvaptan contraindicated in

Answer 23

Hypovolemic or
Acute symptomatic hypo Na

Question 24

Ttt of struvite stone

Answer 24

Treatment of the infection

Urological intervention

Question 25

Ttt of uric acid stones

Answer 25

Acetazolamide

Allopurinol

Question 26

Ttt of cystine kidney stones

Answer 26

Acetazolamide

Penicillamine

Tiopronin

Question 27

Chronic HTN in pregnancy

Answer 27

Before 20 weeks of gestation

Question 28

Gestational HTN

Answer 28

After 20 weeks of gestation

Question 29

Treatment of HTN in pregnancy to maintain BP

Answer 29

BP < 140/90

Question 30

Anti HTN drugs in pregnancy

Answer 30

Methyldopa
Labetalol
CCB

Question 31

Salicylate toxicity treatment

Answer 31

Iv NaHco3
Goal of urine PH > 7.5 And Serum PH 7.5 - 7.55 is essential to avoid CNS accumulation of salicylic acid in the brain

Question 32

Ttt of TLS to rapidly reduce serum urate level

Answer 32

Rasburicase