neoplastic and non neoplastic growth disorders Flashcards
neoplasm
an abnormal mass of tissue (a tumour), the growth of which is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and that persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change
(the presence of genetic alterations that alter cell growth
hypertrophy
the increase in the size of a cell without cell division
physiological examples of hypertrophy
- skeletal muscle training in athletes
- myometrium of uterus during pregnancy
pathological example of hypertrophy
- cardiac muscle of left ventricle due to outflow obstruction ( eg. aortic stenosis)
hyperplasia
the increase in the number of a cell in a tissue as a consequence of cell division
physiological example of hyperplasia
- increased number of RBC’s in individuals living at high altitude
pathological example of hyperplasia
- benign prostrate cancer causing urinary tract obstruction
- psoriasis where there are too many keratinocytes causing thick, scaly itchy skin
atrophy
decrease in the size of an organ (or cell) and can be a consequence of reduction in cell size or number
causes of atrophy
- reduced cell proliferation
- increased cell loss due to increased apoptosis
physiological atrophy
- reduced muscle mass after immobilisation
pathological atrophy
brain atrophy ( Alzheimers disease )
metaplasia
- the replacement of one type of mature differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type as an adaptive response to some insult or injury
- it may be a reversible phenomenon
normal tissue type of BRONCHI, metaplasia tissue type and stimulus
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
squamous epithelium
cigarette smoke
normal tissue type of URINARY BLADDER, metaplasia tissue type and stimulus
transitional epithelium
squamous epithelium
bladder stone
normal tissue type of OESOPHAGUS, metaplasia tissue type and stimulus
squamous epithelium
columnar epithelium
gastro-oesophageal reflux
squamous cell metaplasia is a risk factor for developing…
…carcinoma
usually squamous cell carcinoma
Barret’s oesophagus
a condition in which the tissue lining the oesophagus is replaced by tissue similar to the intestinal lining
Type of metaplasia in Barret’s oesophagus
intestinal metaplasia
risk factor for Barret’s Oesophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
what is gastroesophageal reflux disease?
a condition in which stomach contents flow back up into the oesophagus
dysplasia
a reversible condition in which epithelial cells acquire some but not all of the features and properties of malignant cells but without the capacity for invasion
a precancerous condition often amenable to local/less radical treatments
often asymptomatic, may be detected by screening or surveillance programmes
macroscopic/clinical invasion
where cancers invade surrounding structures
microscopic invasion
where cancer cells digest through the basement membrane to invade parenchymal tissues
carcinoma
malignant tumour of epithelial origin
