Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CAN > Neoplasm Classification > Flashcards

Neoplasm Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasm

A

Mass of cells which have undergone an irreversible change from normality, causing them to proliferate in an uncoordinated manner and are partially or completely independent of the factors which control normal cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tumours can be classified according to … factors

A

Behavioural
Histogenic
Histological
Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behavioural classification

A

Benign or malignant
Determined by the capacity of the tumour invade the surrounding tissue
Spread to distant sites to form secondary deposits (metastases) - occurs via 2 main routes lymphatic and haematogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cancer is used to describe

A

All types of malignant neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the extent of the spread described by

A 
Staging 
Common staging system: 
TNM system 
Tumour 
Nodes 
Metastasis 
Specific staging systems - dukes in colon cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is staging important for

A

Prognosis

This determines therapeutic options - local resection versus chemo/radio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difficult distinction benign / malignant

A

Some have an intermediate manner - basal cell carcinoma of skin - invade local tissues, but doesn’t metastasise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Histogenic classifies neoplasms according to ?

A

the tissue of origin - epithelial or mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the term differentiation used to describe?

A

Used to describe the degree to which a neoplasm histologically resembles its tissue of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In benign tumours is the degree of differentiation a lot or a little

A

A lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malignant what is the degree of differentiation

A

Variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Term grading is used to describe

A

The degree of differentiation e.g.
1 = well differentiated
2= moderately differentiated
3= poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the tumours grade have implications for?

A

Prognosis and treatment
Well differentiated may be managed conservatively
Some malignant tumours are so poorly different tested it is impossible to determine their histogenesis - called anaplastic tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two most important features used in classicising neoplasms

A

Behavioural and histogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Some tumour types can be further classifies according to special … characteristics

A

Histological
E.g. Thyroid
Have histological subtypes which impacts the prognosis and route of spread
- papillary highest frequency route of spread is lymphatic (lymph node mets) and prognosis is very good
- follicular 10-20% frequency, spread route haematogenous (bone) good survival
- anaplastic <5% frequency, local invasion and poor survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Some tumours classified according to a substance or substances produced. This is called

A

Functional classification
Applies particularly to endocrine tumours which secrete functionally active hormones
Such as pancreatic islet cell tumours
Pituitary tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a teratoma

A

Neoplasms derived from embryonic germ cells. Have the capacity to form all 3 germ cell layers - totipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do teratomas occur

A

Ovary - usually benign
Testis - usually malignant
Midline structures - behaviour variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are embryonic tumours

A

Arise from neoplastic transformation occurring in the developing organs
Derived from multi potent embryonic blast cells giving the suffix blastoma
Frequently have divergent differentiation - epithelial and mesenchymal
Majority present at or soon after birth
Most are highly malignant but may respond well to aggressive treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are hamartomas

A

Not genuine neoplasms but tumour like malformations

Many present at birth and stop growing when the host stops growing unlike a neoplasm which continues to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Benign or malignant

Invade and metastasise

A

Malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Shape or benign

A

Well circumscribed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Shape malignant

A

Irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which bigger benign or malignant

A

Usually malignant

Sometime benign can be huge too

25
Q

Haemorrhage common in B or M

A

Malignant

26
Q

Necrosis common in B or M

A

M

27
Q

Ulceration common in B or M

A

M

28
Q

Size of nucleus in benign

A

Normal

29
Q

Size of nucleus in malignant

A

Larger

30
Q

Nucleoli in benign and malignant

A

B- small/inconspicuous

M- prominent

31
Q

Pleomorphism B or M

A

M

32
Q

Mitoses m or b

A

Infrequent b

Frequent m

33
Q

Differentiation in benign

A

Good

34
Q

Differentiation in malignant

A

Variable

35
Q

Growth in B and M

A

B - slow

M - fast

36
Q

Spontaneous arrest ? B and M

A

B common

M rare

37
Q

Classification of Breast lumps benign

A 
Fibroadenoma 
Comment benign 
Mostly occur in <30 women 
Smooth 
Well circumscribed lump 
Highly mobile on palpation
38
Q

Classification of breast lump malignant

A 
Breast carcinoma 
Commonest malignant 
Commonest cause of death in women 
>50
Irregular 
Poorly circumscribed lumps
Rarely mobile on palpation die to invasion
39
Q

Caecum cancer/ascending colon

A

Often polyploid
Rarely cause bowel obstruction
Insidious presentation- anaemia, weight loss

40
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Often stenosing
Frequently cause bowel obstruction
Typically present with alteration in bowel habit

41
Q

Types of specimens obtained for psychological assessment

A 
Biopsies - small pieces of tissue 
Endoscopic biopsies (upper, lower GIT, bronchus) 
Needle biopsies (radiologically guided
Punch biopsies (skin) 
Cytology specimens - cells individual or groups 
Smears -cervical
Endoscopic brushings 
Body fluids
Fine needle aspiration specimens

Surgical resection specimens

42
Q

Biopsies usually taken to

A

Confirm a diagnosis. Identify a malignancy and identify the histological type

Info gained can be used to plan further treatment
Surgical resection vs non surgical
Decisions relating to therapeutic options are frequently made in MDT

43
Q

Limitations to biopsying tumours

A

Tumour heterogeneity - mixed pattern of differentiation
Targeting the lesion accurately
- small lesions
- inaccessible or potentially dangerous sites
- surrounding stromal tissue reaction

44
Q

Cytology specimens are used to

A

Diagnose in a less invasive way
Bladder cancer
Fine needles much thinner than biopsy needles - may enable access to areas a biopsy needle can’t reach
Smaller tissue samples provided (individual cells or groups of cells rather than tissue cores)
Interpretation in biopsy may be more difficult due to larger tissue being obtained

45
Q

Surgical resection specimens used to

A

Resection intended to be curative some cases palliative

Confirm diagnoses of malignancy
Determine the aggressiveness of a tumour -histological grade
Assess the extent of spread -histological stage
Examine completeness of excision
Used as a basis for determining further treatment

46
Q

Grading of malignant neoplasms

A

Well differentiated - grade1
Moderately differentiated -grade2
Poorly differentiated (anaplastic) - grade3

47
Q

Staging

A

Extent of spread

48
Q

What are the 3 components of staging

A

Tumour - size or extent of spread of the primary lesion e.g. 1-4
Nodes - extent of spread to lymph nodes 0-3
Metastasis - presence or absence of distant metastasis 0 or 1

49
Q

What are the stages e.g. Breast cancer

A

T1 - <2cm
T2- 2-5cm
T3 - >5cm
T4- any size with direct extension into chest wall and/or skin

50
Q

Wharton is the stage system used for colorectal cancer

A

Dukes

51
Q

What are the stages used in dukes

A

A - confined to submucosa/muscle
B - through muscle to serosa
C - lymph node involvement
D- distant metastasis

52
Q

Macroscopic assessment of tumour resection specimens

A

Size
Shape(well circumscribed)
Extent of local spread
Proximity to surgical resection margins
Identification of lymph nodes (imp for staging)
Other macroscopic features where relevant - colour, haemorrhage, necrosis

53
Q

Tumour resection assessment microscopic assessment

A

Confirms or establishes a diagnosis of cancer
Histological type - glandular, squamous
Degree of differentiation- histological grade
Frequency of mitoses
Local invasion
- presence important for determining malignancy
- extent important in staging
Vascular invasion
Examination of lymph nodes (for metastases)

54
Q

Immunohistochemistry in tumour pathology is used for:

A

Establishing diagnosis of malignancy
Clonality in lymphoid neoplasms
- reactive (inflammatory) infiltrates have mixed population of cells
- neoplastic infiltrates have a ‘pure’ population of cells

55
Q

Immunohistochemistry test for prognostic markers -types tested for

A

Markers of cell turnover

Determine high or low grade metastatic potential

56
Q

What type of labelling is used to determine grading potential

A

Ki 67 labelling index

57
Q

Immunihistichemisty can be used to determine

A

Prognosis and treatment factors

In tumours which are known to be malignant

58
Q

How can it determine treatment options

A

Markers such as HER2 in breast cancer

59
Q

Insitu hybridisation detected what

A

Recognise specific RNA and DNA sequences in tissue sections

CAN (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions