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PHARMA > Neoplasm > Flashcards

Neoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

-uncontrolled growth of anaplastic cells

-Can metastasize to distant sites

caused by mutations in a cell’s gene, genomic instability, and/or inflammation

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2
Q

Neoplasia

A

new growth or tumor

“OMA” at the end of a word refers to a tumor
-Adenoma
-Carcinoma
-Papilloma-micro/macroscopic finger-like projections (are benign)

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3
Q

Carcinoma

A

Originate in epithelial tissue

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4
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Originate in glandular tissue, that form mucus or fluid.

Examples: lung, breast, prostate, or colon

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5
Q

Sarcoma

A

Originate in connective or supportive tissue

examples: bones, nerves, muscles, tendons, cartilage and blood vessels of the arms and legs

ex-Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

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6
Q

Hematologic (Liquid) Malignancies

A

May be describes as liquid or blood cancers
-Leukemia

-Lymphoma
Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin

-Multiple myeloma (plasma cell cancer)

-Myelodysplastic Syndrome
(Group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed)

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7
Q

Carcinogens

A

Physical:
Ionizing radiation
Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight

Chemical:
Asbestos- Old buildings, mold
Arsenic- chemical element
Benzene
Ethylene oxide
Tobacco smoke

Viruses:
HPV
HIV
Flaviviruses
Retroviruses

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8
Q

Pro-oncogene

A

Genes that code for proteins involved in normal cell growth

When mutated, enable cancer cell to grow uncontrollably

group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated

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9
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

Normally help control cell proliferation

When mutated, genes no longer suppress proliferation
Example: BRCA1 and BRCA2
(seen mostly in Breast cancer)

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10
Q

DNA Repair Genes

A

Allow cells to repair DNA damage

Five pathways – active a different stages of the cell cycle

If not corrected can lead to a mutation that can lead to cancer formation
BRCA1
BRCA2
HER 2

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11
Q

Epigenetic changes

A

Mechanism that alters the physical structure of DNA

May change the activity of a gene without changing the sequence of DNA

Normally, tells genes when to turn on or off

Newer area of cancer research

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12
Q

Chromosome Translocation

A

Occurs when one piece of a chromosome moves to another chromosome

This genetic alteration activates an oncogene

Example:
The BCR gene on chromosome 9 is fused to the ABL gene on chromosome 22 (Philadelphia chromosome)

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13
Q

Genetic Instability

A

mutation present in all the tumor cells of a tumor sample or biopsy.

Defective mechanisms that lead to increased rate of genetic alterations

Clonal evolution of tumor cells

Classic sign of cancer

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14
Q

Inflammation

A

Enhances the process of carcinogenesis

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15
Q

Pleiomorphism

A

cells in various shapes and sizes

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16
Q

Hyperchromatism

A

nuclear chromatin more pronounced with staining

A cell that contains more than the normal number of chromosomes and hence stains more densely.

17
Q

Polymorphism

A

nucleus enlarges and variable in shape

18
Q

Translocation

A

exchange of chromosomal material

19
Q

Aneuploidy

A

abnormal # of chromosomes

20
Q

Deletions

A

loss of chromosome segment

21
Q

Amplification

A

increase number of copies of a DNA sequence

22
Q

Grading = Degree of Differentiation

A

Grade 1 – well-differentiated (low grade)

Grade 2 – moderate differentiated or intermediate grade

Grade 3 – poorly differentiated or high grade

Grade 4 – undifferentiated or unable to tell where cell came from

23
Q

Anaplasia

A

lack of cellular differentiation

Hallmark sign of cancer

The term anaplasia means “to form backward,

24
Q

Normal Cell Growth

A

Well differentiated
Controlled, slow growth
Uniform shape
Cellular communication
Encapsulated
Cell cohesiveness
Mortal (apoptosis)

25
Q

Malignant Cells

A

Poorly differentiated
Abnormal appearance
Lack of cohesiveness
Rapid, disorderly division
Loss of cellular communication
Invasive, capable of spreading
Immortal (avoid apoptosis)

26
Q

Symptoms of metastatic disease

A

Shortness of breath
Pain
Headache
Seizures

27
Q

Clinical Manifestations of cancer

A

Anorexia/Cachexia
Bleeding
Immunosuppression
Infections
Weight loss
Fatigue
Pain
Sleep disorders

28
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

-Caused by the cancer
-May be presenting sign

group of rare disorders that are triggered by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor known as a “neoplasm.” Paraneoplastic syndromes are thought to happen when cancer-fighting antibodies or white blood cells (known as T cells) mistakenly attack normal cells in the nervous system.

Types
SIADH
Cushing’s
Hypercalcemia
Venous thrombosis

29
Q

Treatment of Cancer

A

Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted Therapy/Biotherapy
Immunotherapy

30
Q

What is Chemotherapy

A

Is systemic therapy
Works at the cellular level on cells
Some drugs are cell cycle specific, while others are cell cycle non-specific

Toxicities and adverse effects are based on its effect on particular cells

Drugs are grouped into various classes based on their cellular activity and pharmacologic properties of the drug specific to the cancer being treated.

31
Q

What is biotherapy/immunotherapy

A

The use of natural and manufactured substances derived from the body to:
Stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system
-Uses antibodies to fight cancer
-Change or modify the relationship between the cancer and the host

Targeted therapy
-Blocks a specific receptor
-Attaches to a specific receptor to assist the immune system to kill the cancer
-Carries chemotherapy or a radioisotope into the cell

Immunotherapy helps effector cells in the body to become activated and/or enhanced results in targeted cancer cell death

32
Q

Neoadjuvant therapy

A

Neoadjuvant refers to chemotherapy that is given prior to surgery

Goal is to shrink tumor size before therapy

33
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

Adjuvant refers to chemotherapy that is administered post-surgery

Goal is to target minimal disease or micro metastasis

34
Q

Conditioning or preparative therapy

A

Given before chemo

Goal is to empty marrow space prior to transplant or to eliminate residual disease

To provide adequate immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the transplanted graft. To eradicate the disease for which the transplant is being performed.

35
Q

Immunosuppression

A

To blunt immune response

36
Q

Proto oncogene vs oncogene

A

A mutated (changed) form of a type of gene called a proto-oncogene, which is involved in normal cell growth and division. When a proto-oncogene is changed so that too many copies are made or it becomes more active than normal, it is called an oncogene.

37
Q

Oncogenes

A

A mutated (changed) form of a type of gene called a proto-oncogene, which is involved in normal cell growth and division.

PHARMA (13 decks)

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