Neoplasia: Nomenclature Flashcards
Neoplasia
New growth
Neoplasm
Study of tumors or neoplasm
Oncology
Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue
Premolecular era
Neoplasm is disorder of cell growth, acquired mutations affecting a single cell.
Modern era
2 basic components of tumor
Parenchyma
Reactive stroma
Connective tissue, blood vessels
Growth and spread of tumor
Reactive stroma
Biologic behavior
Parenchyma
Parenchyma stimulate formation of stroma
Desmoplasia
Lymphatic and circulatory systems
Connective tissue like bone and cartilage
Mesenchymal cells
Line major cavities of the body
Most organ such as kidney
Glands
Epithelial cells
Benign tumors
Remain localized
Not spread to other sites
Enable to local surgical removal
Benign tumors suffix in mesenchymal cells
Oma
Eg. Fibrous tissue - fibroma
Cartilage- chondroma
Benign tumors in epithelial cells
Based on cells of origin
Microscopic pattern
Macroscopic architecture
Functional parts of the organ
Parenchyma
Structural tissue of organ
Stroma
Tumor or neoplasm in epithelial cells
Epithelial neoplasm derived from glands
Adenoma
Lahat ng glands ay adenoma
Pero hindi lahat ng adenoma ay glands
Visible finger like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces (mucous membrane)
Papilloma
Large cystic masses, such as in the ovary
Cystadenomas
Macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface.
Polyp
Poly in glandular tissue
Adenomatous polyp
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Malignant tumors in solid mesenchymal tissue
Sarcomas
Eg. Fibrosarcoma, chondroscoma
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Blood forming cells
Leukemia- WBC
Lymphoma - lymphocytes
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Epithelial cell origin
On 3 germ layer
Carcinoma
3 germ layers
Ectodermal - epidermis
Mesodermal - renal tubules
Endodermal - GI tract
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Resemble stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous cell carcinoma
MALIGNANT TUMORS
Glandular pattern
Adenocarcinoma
Epithelial components scattered within the myxoid stroma
Mixed tumors
Contain island of cartilage or bone
More than one type of tissue
Mixed tumors of salivary gland
Preferred designation of mixed tumors (salivary glands)
Pleomorphic adenoma
More than one germ layer (lahat kasi ng neoplasm. One germ layer lang)
Teratoma
Dito nag originate si teratoma
Totipotential germ cells
Normally present in the ovary and testis and sometimes found in midline embryonic rests
Totipotential germ cell
Totipotential germ cell
Helter skelter fashion
Can differentiate in any cell types in adult body
Dermoid cysts
Common pattern of Totipotential germ cells
Ovarian cystic teratoma
Merong Ectodermal lines kaya merong hair, sebaceous gland yung ovary
Ovarian cystic teratoma
Benign sounding destinations that are used for malignant neoplasm
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Seminoma
Sounds like cancer but it is not cancerous, it just a mass
Hamartomas
Lack of differentiation
Anapalsia
Hallmarks of malignant neoplasm
Anaplasia
Invasion
Metastasis
Kapag sinabi mong well differentiated
Hindi mo halos makita nag difference sa normal cells. At nakikita ito sa mga benign
Kapag naman sinabing undifferentiated or differentiated
Obvious irregular shape and size at makikita sa mga malignant tumor
Pero hindi lahat ng well differentiated ay benign like
Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
To form back or reverse differentiation
Anaplasia
Variation in size and shape of cancer cells
Hindi pareparehas ang mga cell sa isang tumor
Pleomorphism
Tumor giant cell
Minsan isa lang ang nucleus, minsan polymorphic nucleus
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Instead of 1:4 it became 1:1 Hyper chromatic ( more darkly stained)
Mitosis is undifferentiated tumors
Pero hindi ibig sabihin malignant na agad,mo neoplastic na agad. Kasi pwede naman to sa normal tissue tulad ng sa GIG, pwede din sa hyperplasia
Para masabing malignancy as a morphologic feature
Atypical
Bizarre mitotic figures
Tripolar or multipolar spindle
Loss of polarity
Kapag benign o well dif. Carcinoma nag sesecrete sila ng katulad ng normal cells. Na de detect sila kapag sobra yung production nila sa normal cell.
Kapag undif naman, iba na sila sa normal cell, iba narin ang function
Replacement of one type of cell with another type.
Metaplasia
Eg. GERD, damage squamous epithelium of esophagus
Dysplasia
Disordered growth Principally in epithelia Loss in the uniformity Loss in architectural orientation Consider pleomorphism
Pre invasive neoplasm
Dysplastic changes are marked and involve the full thickness of the epithelium but the lesion does not penetrate the basement membrane.
Carcinoma in situ
Kapag na reach ang basement membrane,
The tumor is said to be invasive
Dyspalstic changes are often found
Foci of invasive carcinoma
Long term cigarrete smokers
Barret esophagus
Dysplasia maybe a precursor to malignant transformation
But does not always progress to cancer.
Maybe completely reversible
Mild to moderate carcinoma in situ
Dysplasia often occurs in metaplastic epithelium,
But not all metaplastic epithelium is dysplastic.
Rim of compressed fibrous tissue in benign tumors
Capsule
Separate benign tumor to host tissue
Capsule
Grow and expand slowly, lack the capacity to infiltrate, invade or metastasize
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Poorly demarcated
Well defined cleavage plane is lacking
Pseudo encapsulated
Crab like pattern of growth
Most reliable feature that differentiates cancer from benign tumors
Invasiveness
Removal of margin normal tissues na na invade
To complete local excision
Invasiveness of cancer to penetrate into blood vessels, lympahtic and body cavities, oppurtunity to spread
Metastasis
Tumors na bihira mag metastasis
Gilomas - glial cells in CNS
Basal cell carcinoma of skin
They both invade early but rarely metastasize
Metastasize correlates with
Lack of differentiation
Aggressive local invasion
Rapid growth
Large size
Correlates sometimes metastasize widely
Small
Well differentiated
Slowly growing lesions
Present metastasis except skin cancers other than melanomas
30 % of solid tumors
Liquid tumors
Always taken to be malignant
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Seeding of body cavities and surfaces
Penetrates open field lacking physical barriers
Most in peritoneal cavity
Carcinoma arising in the ovaries
Appendiceal or ovarian carcinoma fill the peritoneal cavity with gelatinous neoplastic mass
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
More on carcinoma than sarcoma
Lymphatic spread
Most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas
Lymphatic spread
Walang lymphatic ang tumor pero yung margin na dumadaan sa tumor ay enough para mag spread.
Nice to know
Dahil maraming connection ang lymphatic at cpvascular system
Leads to misleading
Disseminate to axillary lymphnodes
Upper outer quadrants of the breast
Drains to internal mammary arteries
Inner quadrants
Metastasize 1st to perhilar tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes
Carcinoma of the lungs
Local lymph nodes
Skip metastasis
Used assess presence or absence of metastasis
Para malaman kung ano ang ooperahan
Biopsy of sentinel nodes
First node that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor
Biopsy of sentinel node
Typical in sarcoma, less seen in carcinoma
Mas penetrated ang veins kasi mas manipis ito
Hematogenous spread
Kapag ang tumor pass pulmonary artery it will give rise to
Additional tumor emboli
Kapag venous naman tumor cells often come to
Rest the first capillary bed they encounter
Eg. Lungs and liver
Metastasize to vertebral column
Thyroid and prostate
Dahil sa renal vein ng renal cell carcinoma dito sya nag metastasize
Right side of the heart
Metastasize sa bone
Breast carcinoma
Metastasize sa adrenal and brains
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Kahit naka katanggap ng large amount of blood, hindi parin gad nag memetastasize
Skeletal muscle
Spleen
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma are
Always fatal
