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Pathology Midterms > Neoplasia: Nomenclature > Flashcards

Neoplasia: Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth

Neoplasm

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2
Q

Study of tumors or neoplasm

A

Oncology

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3
Q

Neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue

A

Premolecular era

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4
Q

Neoplasm is disorder of cell growth, acquired mutations affecting a single cell.

A

Modern era

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5
Q

2 basic components of tumor

A

Parenchyma

Reactive stroma

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6
Q

Connective tissue, blood vessels

Growth and spread of tumor

A

Reactive stroma

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7
Q

Biologic behavior

A

Parenchyma

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8
Q

Parenchyma stimulate formation of stroma

A

Desmoplasia

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9
Q

Lymphatic and circulatory systems

Connective tissue like bone and cartilage

A

Mesenchymal cells

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10
Q

Line major cavities of the body
Most organ such as kidney
Glands

A

Epithelial cells

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11
Q

Benign tumors

A

Remain localized
Not spread to other sites
Enable to local surgical removal

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12
Q

Benign tumors suffix in mesenchymal cells

A

Oma

Eg. Fibrous tissue - fibroma
Cartilage- chondroma

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13
Q

Benign tumors in epithelial cells

A

Based on cells of origin
Microscopic pattern
Macroscopic architecture

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14
Q

Functional parts of the organ

A

Parenchyma

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15
Q

Structural tissue of organ

A

Stroma

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16
Q

Tumor or neoplasm in epithelial cells

Epithelial neoplasm derived from glands

A

Adenoma

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17
Q

Lahat ng glands ay adenoma

A

Pero hindi lahat ng adenoma ay glands

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18
Q

Visible finger like or warty projections from epithelial surfaces (mucous membrane)

A

Papilloma

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19
Q

Large cystic masses, such as in the ovary

A

Cystadenomas

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20
Q

Macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface.

A

Polyp

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21
Q

Poly in glandular tissue

A

Adenomatous polyp

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22
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Malignant tumors in solid mesenchymal tissue

A

Sarcomas

Eg. Fibrosarcoma, chondroscoma

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23
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Blood forming cells

A

Leukemia- WBC

Lymphoma - lymphocytes

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24
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Epithelial cell origin
On 3 germ layer

A

Carcinoma

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25
Q

3 germ layers

A

Ectodermal - epidermis
Mesodermal - renal tubules
Endodermal - GI tract

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26
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Resemble stratified squamous epithelium

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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27
Q

MALIGNANT TUMORS

Glandular pattern

A

Adenocarcinoma

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28
Q

Epithelial components scattered within the myxoid stroma

A

Mixed tumors

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29
Q

Contain island of cartilage or bone

More than one type of tissue

A

Mixed tumors of salivary gland

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30
Q

Preferred designation of mixed tumors (salivary glands)

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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31
Q

More than one germ layer (lahat kasi ng neoplasm. One germ layer lang)

A

Teratoma

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32
Q

Dito nag originate si teratoma

A

Totipotential germ cells

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33
Q

Normally present in the ovary and testis and sometimes found in midline embryonic rests

A

Totipotential germ cell

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34
Q

Totipotential germ cell

A

Helter skelter fashion

Can differentiate in any cell types in adult body

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35
Q

Dermoid cysts

Common pattern of Totipotential germ cells

A

Ovarian cystic teratoma

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36
Q

Merong Ectodermal lines kaya merong hair, sebaceous gland yung ovary

A

Ovarian cystic teratoma

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37
Q

Benign sounding destinations that are used for malignant neoplasm

A

Lymphoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Seminoma

38
Q

Sounds like cancer but it is not cancerous, it just a mass

A

Hamartomas

39
Q

Lack of differentiation

A

Anapalsia

40
Q

Hallmarks of malignant neoplasm

A

Anaplasia
Invasion
Metastasis

41
Q

Kapag sinabi mong well differentiated

A

Hindi mo halos makita nag difference sa normal cells. At nakikita ito sa mga benign

42
Q

Kapag naman sinabing undifferentiated or differentiated

A

Obvious irregular shape and size at makikita sa mga malignant tumor

43
Q

Pero hindi lahat ng well differentiated ay benign like

A

Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid

44
Q

To form back or reverse differentiation

A

Anaplasia

45
Q

Variation in size and shape of cancer cells

Hindi pareparehas ang mga cell sa isang tumor

A

Pleomorphism

46
Q

Tumor giant cell

A

Minsan isa lang ang nucleus, minsan polymorphic nucleus

47
Q

Abnormal nuclear morphology

A 
Instead of 1:4 it became 1:1
Hyper chromatic ( more darkly stained)
48
Q

Mitosis is undifferentiated tumors

A

Pero hindi ibig sabihin malignant na agad,mo neoplastic na agad. Kasi pwede naman to sa normal tissue tulad ng sa GIG, pwede din sa hyperplasia

49
Q

Para masabing malignancy as a morphologic feature

A

Atypical
Bizarre mitotic figures
Tripolar or multipolar spindle

50
Q

Loss of polarity

A

Kapag benign o well dif. Carcinoma nag sesecrete sila ng katulad ng normal cells. Na de detect sila kapag sobra yung production nila sa normal cell.

Kapag undif naman, iba na sila sa normal cell, iba narin ang function

51
Q

Replacement of one type of cell with another type.

A

Metaplasia

Eg. GERD, damage squamous epithelium of esophagus

52
Q

Dysplasia

A 
Disordered growth
Principally in epithelia
Loss in the uniformity
Loss in architectural orientation 
Consider pleomorphism
53
Q

Pre invasive neoplasm
Dysplastic changes are marked and involve the full thickness of the epithelium but the lesion does not penetrate the basement membrane.

A

Carcinoma in situ

54
Q

Kapag na reach ang basement membrane,

A

The tumor is said to be invasive

55
Q

Dyspalstic changes are often found

A

Foci of invasive carcinoma
Long term cigarrete smokers
Barret esophagus

56
Q

Dysplasia maybe a precursor to malignant transformation

A

But does not always progress to cancer.

57
Q

Maybe completely reversible

A

Mild to moderate carcinoma in situ

58
Q

Dysplasia often occurs in metaplastic epithelium,

A

But not all metaplastic epithelium is dysplastic.

59
Q

Rim of compressed fibrous tissue in benign tumors

A

Capsule

60
Q

Separate benign tumor to host tissue

A

Capsule

61
Q

Grow and expand slowly, lack the capacity to infiltrate, invade or metastasize

A

Benign tumors

62
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Poorly demarcated
Well defined cleavage plane is lacking
Pseudo encapsulated
Crab like pattern of growth

63
Q

Most reliable feature that differentiates cancer from benign tumors

A

Invasiveness

64
Q

Removal of margin normal tissues na na invade

A

To complete local excision

65
Q

Invasiveness of cancer to penetrate into blood vessels, lympahtic and body cavities, oppurtunity to spread

A

Metastasis

66
Q

Tumors na bihira mag metastasis

A

Gilomas - glial cells in CNS
Basal cell carcinoma of skin

They both invade early but rarely metastasize

67
Q

Metastasize correlates with

A

Lack of differentiation
Aggressive local invasion
Rapid growth
Large size

68
Q

Correlates sometimes metastasize widely

A

Small
Well differentiated
Slowly growing lesions

69
Q

Present metastasis except skin cancers other than melanomas

A

30 % of solid tumors

70
Q

Liquid tumors

Always taken to be malignant

A

Leukemia

Lymphoma

71
Q

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces

A

Penetrates open field lacking physical barriers
Most in peritoneal cavity
Carcinoma arising in the ovaries

72
Q

Appendiceal or ovarian carcinoma fill the peritoneal cavity with gelatinous neoplastic mass

A

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

73
Q

More on carcinoma than sarcoma

A

Lymphatic spread

74
Q

Most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas

A

Lymphatic spread

75
Q

Walang lymphatic ang tumor pero yung margin na dumadaan sa tumor ay enough para mag spread.

A

Nice to know

76
Q

Dahil maraming connection ang lymphatic at cpvascular system

A

Leads to misleading

77
Q

Disseminate to axillary lymphnodes

A

Upper outer quadrants of the breast

78
Q

Drains to internal mammary arteries

A

Inner quadrants

79
Q

Metastasize 1st to perhilar tracheobronchial and mediastinal nodes

A

Carcinoma of the lungs

80
Q

Local lymph nodes

A

Skip metastasis

81
Q

Used assess presence or absence of metastasis

Para malaman kung ano ang ooperahan

A

Biopsy of sentinel nodes

82
Q

First node that receives lymph flow from the primary tumor

A

Biopsy of sentinel node

83
Q

Typical in sarcoma, less seen in carcinoma

Mas penetrated ang veins kasi mas manipis ito

A

Hematogenous spread

84
Q

Kapag ang tumor pass pulmonary artery it will give rise to

A

Additional tumor emboli

85
Q

Kapag venous naman tumor cells often come to

A

Rest the first capillary bed they encounter

Eg. Lungs and liver

86
Q

Metastasize to vertebral column

A

Thyroid and prostate

87
Q

Dahil sa renal vein ng renal cell carcinoma dito sya nag metastasize

A

Right side of the heart

88
Q

Metastasize sa bone

A

Breast carcinoma

89
Q

Metastasize sa adrenal and brains

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

90
Q

Kahit naka katanggap ng large amount of blood, hindi parin gad nag memetastasize

A

Skeletal muscle

Spleen

91
Q

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma are

A

Always fatal

Pathology Midterms (5 decks)

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