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Pathology Midterms > Environmental > Flashcards

Environmental Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon monoxide can cause coma within

A

5 minutes

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2
Q

Hemoglobin has a greater affinity of CO than oxygen

A

200 fold

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3
Q

Effects of carbon monoxide

A

Systemic hypoxia

Unconsciousness and death

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4
Q

Chronic poisoning of CO

A

Ischemic changes in the CNS

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5
Q

Acute poisoning of CO

A

Cherry red color of the skin and
Mucous membrane

Brain may be slightly edematous

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6
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Volatile substances

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7
Q

Contain oxides of nitrogen and carbon participate

A

Wood smoke

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8
Q

Indoor air pollution

Radio active gas derived from uranium
Occupational hazard that can cause lung cancer

A

Radon

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9
Q

Indoor air pollution

Legionnaires disease
Viral pneumonia
Common colds

A

Bioaerosols

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10
Q

Metals as environmental pollutants

A

Lead
Mercury
Arsenic
Cadmium

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11
Q

Exposure occurs through contaminated air and food

A

Lead

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12
Q

Sources of lead

A 
House paints
Gasoline
Mines
Foundries
Batteries
Spray paints
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13
Q

Maximal allowable level of lead

A

> 10

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14
Q

Sub clinical lead poisoning cause

A

Low intellectual capacity
Hyperactivity
Poor organizational skill

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15
Q

Effects of lead poisoning in children related to blood levels

10

A

Decrease IQ level
Decreased hearing
Decrease growth
Impaired peripheral nerve function

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16
Q

Effects of lead poisoning in children related to blood levels

20

A

Decrease vitamin D metabolism
Decreased calcium homeostasis
Increased level of erythrocyte proto porphyria
Increased nerve conduction velocity

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17
Q

Effects of lead poisoning in children related to blood levels

40

A

Decrease hemoglobin synthesis

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18
Q

Effects of lead poisoning in children related to blood levels

100

A

Encephalopathy
Nephropathy
Frank anemia
Colic

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19
Q

Effects of lead poisoning in children related to blood levels

150

A

Death

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20
Q

Lead is 80-85% taken up by

A

Bone and developing teeth

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21
Q

Leads compete with

A

Calcium and binds with phosphate

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22
Q

Lead 5-10%

A

Remain in blood

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23
Q

Lead inhibits heme synthesis

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Ferrochelatase

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24
Q

Children absorb more than ____ of ingested lead

A

50%

Can lead to high susceptibility of brain damage

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25
Q

Lead neurotoxic effects

A

Inhibition of neuro transmitters

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26
Q

GIT effect of lead

A

Colic

A severe poorly localized abdominal pain

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27
Q

Kidney effects of lead

A

Proximal tubular damage
Chronic renal damage
Saturnine gout

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28
Q

Lead interferes with the normal remodeling of cartilage

A

Lead lines

Which inhibit the healing of fractures

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29
Q

Diagnosis of lead poisoning

A

Increase protoporphyrin levels

Increase zinc protoporphyrin

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30
Q

Mercury is found in

A

Cave painting
Cosmetic
Remedy for syphilis
Component of diuretics

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31
Q

Forms of mercury

Metallic
Inorganic
Organic

A

Elemental
Mercuric cholride
Methyl mercury

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32
Q

Sources of methyl mercury

A

Contaminated fish

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33
Q

Sources of metallic mercury

A

Dental amalgams

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34
Q

Effects of mercury

A 
Minamata disease
Cerebral palsy
Deafness
Blindness
Mental retardation
Major CNS defects
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35
Q

Arsenic naturally found in

A

Soil and water

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36
Q

Uses of arsenic

A

Wood preservative
Herbicides
Agricultural products

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37
Q

Toxic forms of arsenic

A

Arsenic trioxide
Sodium arsenite
Arsenic tricholride

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38
Q

Acute effects of arsenic

A

Disturbance of GIT
Cardiovascular
CNS

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39
Q

Arsenic attributed to interfere with

A

Mitochondrial oxidative phophorylation

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40
Q

Chronic effects of arsenic

A

Lung and skin cancer such as basal and squamous carcinoma

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41
Q

Arsenic mechanism of carcinogenesis

A

Defects in nucleotide excision repair

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42
Q

Occupational and environmental pollutant

A

Cadmium

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43
Q

Cadmium

A

Mining
Electroplating
Nickel cadmium batteries

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44
Q

Cadmium source of exposure

A

Food

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45
Q

Toxic effect of cadmium

Obstructive lung disease due to

A

Necrosis of alveolar macrophages

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46
Q

Toxic effect of cadmium

A 
Obstructive lung disease
Kidney damage ESRD
Skeletal abnormalities
Itai-itai (outch2x) 
Osteoporosis and osteomalacia 
Increase lung cancer
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47
Q

Occupational exposures

A

13% COPD
9% lung cancer
2% leukemias

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48
Q

Organic solvent that cause dizziness and confusion, leading to CNS depression and coma

A

Chloroform and carbon tetracholride

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49
Q

Lower level of chloroform and carbon tetra cholride

A

Toxic for the kidney and liver

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50
Q

Organic solvents that increase risk of leukemia

A

Benzene and 1,3 butadiene

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51
Q

Implicated in lung and bladder cancer

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbon

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52
Q

Organochlorines

Pesticides

A

DDT
Lindane
Aldrin
Dieldrin

53
Q

Organochlorines

Non pesticides

A

Polychorinated biphenyls
Dioxin
PBDE

54
Q

Most organochlorines are

A

Endocrine disruptors with anti estrogenic

Anti androgenic activity

55
Q

Folliculitis and chloracne

A

Dioxin and PCB’s

56
Q

Inhalation of mineral dust

A

Pneumoconiosis

57
Q

Exposure to vinyl chloride

A

Liver angiosarcoma

58
Q

Exposure to phthalates

A

Endocrine disruption and

testicular dygenesis syndrome

59
Q

Most common exogenous cause of human cancer- 90% of lung cancers

60
Q

Main culprit

A

Cigarette smoking

61
Q

Oral cancer

A

Smokeless tobacco

62
Q

Effects of tobacco

A

Bronchitis

Emphysema

63
Q

Components of cigarette smoke

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Nitrosamines

64
Q

Produced intermediate mutations of K-RAS and P53

65
Q

Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption

A

Larnygeal cancer

66
Q

Relative risk of lung cancer in passive smoke inhalation

67
Q

Drunk driving

A

80mg/DL in the blood

68
Q

Drunk

Consumption of 3 standards drink

A

3 bottles of beer
15 ounces of wine
4-5 ounce of 89 proof distilled spirits

69
Q

Alcohol effect

Decreased inhibition
Slight feeling of intoxication

70
Q

Alcohol effect

Decrease in complex cognitive functions and motor performance

71
Q

Alcohol effect

Obvious slurred speech, motor in coordination, irritability and poor judgement

72
Q

Alcohol effect

Light coma and depress vital signs

73
Q

Alcohol effect

Death

74
Q

MEOS is located in

75
Q

MEOS involves

76
Q

Alcohol competes with other CYP2E1 substrates that

A

Delays drug catabolism

77
Q

NAD is required for fatty acid oxidation in the liver

Deficient result to

A

Fatty liver

78
Q

NAD is required for fatty acid oxidation in the liver

Increase NADH/NAD ratio

A

Metabolic acidosis

79
Q

About 50% of individuals of Asia have deficiency in ALDH result to

A

Flushing
Tachycardia
Hyperventialtion

80
Q

Acute toxic effects of alcohol produces reactive oxygen species and causes lipid peroxidation of cell membrane via

A

CPYE2 metabolism of alcohol

81
Q

Chronic effects of excess alcohol

A

Liver
GI Tracy
CVS
Acute and chronic pancreatitis

82
Q

Microcephaly, growth retardation and facial abnormalities in new born

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

83
Q

Incidence of cancer

Oral, esophagus, liver and breast

A

Acetaldehyde

84
Q

Damage of mammillary bodies, cerebullum and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain

A

Wernicke syndrome

85
Q

Wernicke syndrome due to

A

Thiamine deficiency

86
Q

Memory loss and confabulation

A

Korsakoff syndrome

87
Q

Korsakoff syndrome results from

A

Thiamine deficiency and direct toxicity

88
Q

Beneficial effects of Hormonal replacement therapy

A

Distress menopausal symptoms
Prevent osteoporosis
Reduce MI

89
Q

Main Adverse effect of HRT

A

Ovarian cancer
Endometrial carcinoma
Breast cancer

90
Q

Adverse effects of HRT

A

Increase venous thromboembolism - two folds
Increase HDL
Decrease LDL
Protect against atherosclerosis

91
Q

Oral contraceptives contains

A

Estradiol

Progestin

92
Q

OC associated with this conditions

A 
Venous thrombosis
MI
Endometrial and ovarian CA
Hepatic adenoma
Pulmonary thromboembolism
93
Q

Therapeutic acetaminophen

94
Q

Toxic level of acetaminophen

A

15-25 grams

95
Q

Acetaminophen

95% detoxification by

A

Phase 2 reactions

96
Q

Acetaminophen

95% excreted in urine as

A

Glucoronate or sulfate conjugated

97
Q

Acetaminophen

5% or less

A

Activity of CYP

Glutathione

98
Q

Hepatocellular necrosis

A

Acetaminophen.

99
Q

Serious overdose of Acetaminophen

A

Centrilobular necrosis

Renal damage

100
Q

Aspirin

Fatal ingestion

A

Children - 2-4grams

Adult- 10-30

101
Q

Aspirin

Source of poisoning

A

methyl salicylate

102
Q

Aspirin

Chronic salicylism

A

> 3 gram daily for long periods of time

103
Q

Adverse effect of aspirin

A

Respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis

Accumulation of pyruvate and lactate

104
Q

Aspirin

Petechiae

A

Acetylates platelets
Cycloxygenase
Thromboxane A2

105
Q

Cocaine

Acute overdose can produce

A

Seizures

Cardiorespiratory arrest

106
Q

Cocaine

When heated to produce vapors that are inhaled

107
Q

Cocaine

Cardio effect

A

MI
Coronary artery vasoconstriction
Thrombus formation

108
Q

Cocaine

CNS effect

A

Hyperpyrexia

Seizures

109
Q

Cocaine

Chronic use

A

Perforation of nasal septum
Decrease lung capacity
Cardiomyopathy

110
Q

Cocaine

Cardiovascular effect

A

Symphatomimeti

Disrupting normal ion transport

111
Q

Related to morphine, more harmful than cocaine

112
Q

Heroin administered

A

IV and subcu

113
Q

Heroin effects

A

Euphoria
Hallucinations
Somnolence
Sedation

114
Q

Heroin adverse effects

A 
Sudden death
Pulmonary injury
Infections (s, aureus)
Skin 
Renal
115
Q

Speed or meth

A

Methamphetamine

116
Q

Methamphetamine

Acts by releasing _____ in the brain which inhibits ____________ transmission

A

Dopamine

Neuro sympathetic

117
Q

Methamphetamine

Produces a feeling of euphoria followed by a

118
Q

Methamphetamine

Long term use

A

Violent behavior
Confusion
Psychotic features

119
Q

MDMA ecstasy

A 
Oral
Euphoria 4-6 hours
Serotonin synthesis
Decrease serotogenic axon
Decrease peripheral effects of dopamine
120
Q

Marijuana

A

Pot
Tetrahdrocannabinol
Effects clear 4-5 hours

121
Q

Marijuana allergic reactions due to

A

Contaminants

122
Q

Beneficial effects of marijuana

A

Decrease intraocular pressure

Combat intractable nausea cancer

123
Q

Produced by scrapping or rubbing, resulting from the removal of the superficial layer

124
Q

Produced by a blunt object and is characterized by damage to blood vessels and extra austin of blood into tissues

A

Contusion

Bruise

125
Q

Tear or disruptive stretching

A

Laceration

126
Q

Inflicted by sharp instrument

A

Incised wound

127
Q

Caused by a long narrow instrument

A

Puncture wound

Perforating
Penetrating
Gunshot wound

128
Q

A noniritating, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas

From carbonaceous materials

A

Carbon monoxide

Sources are automotive engines, cigarette smoking

Pathology Midterms (5 decks)

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