Neoplasia III Flashcards
What are the 6 ways that neoplastic cells may behave badly?
- expansion
- tissue injury
- pain
- Invasion
- metastatis
- secretion (paraneoplastic syndromes)
What is the behaviour of hyper plastic cells? Cellular differentiation: Mitotic activity: Rate of growth: Necrosis: Tissue demarcation: Heterogeneity: Aneuploidy: Paraneoplastic syndromes: Propensity to progress if not removed: Recurrence after removal:
Cellular differentiation: Normal gradient, cells look normal. Mitotic activity: Variable, usually low Rate of growth: Reversible Necrosis: None Tissue demarcation: Blended into normal Heterogeneity: None Aneuploidy: None Paraneoplastic syndromes: None Propensity to progress if not removed: None Recurrence after removal: None
What is the behaviour of benign cells? Cellular differentiation: Mitotic activity: Rate of growth: Necrosis: Tissue demarcation: Heterogeneity: Aneuploidy: Paraneoplastic syndromes: Propensity to progress if not removed: Recurrence after removal:
Cellular differentiation: Usually well differentiated
Mitotic activity: Usually low
Rate of growth: Slow, irreversible
Necrosis: Usually minimal
Tissue demarcation: Expansive, discrete (encapsulated, exophytic, etc) - push around tissue
Heterogeneity: Minimal
Aneuploidy: Low
Paraneoplastic syndromes: Variable
Propensity to progress if not removed: Low
Recurrence after removal: Rare, depends on resectability
What is the behaviour of malignant cells? Cellular differentiation: Mitotic activity: Rate of growth: Necrosis: Tissue demarcation: Heterogeneity: Aneuploidy: Paraneoplastic syndromes: Propensity to progress if not removed: Recurrence after removal:
Cellular differentiation: Poorly differentiated, anaplastic, etc (hard to tell original cell type)
Mitotic activity: Often high
Rate of growth: Rapid, irreversible
Necrosis: Often high
Tissue demarcation: Poorly demarcated - locally infiltrative or invasive (hard to tell where neoplasm ends, cell begins)
Heterogeneity: More
Aneuploidy: More
Paraneoplastic syndromes: Variable
Propensity to progress if not removed: High
Recurrence after removal: Frequent
Define aneuploidy
Abnormal constituent of chromosomes
What is an example of expansive growth with neoplastic cells?
Benign tissue grows and damages tissue.
Brain compression by pituitary adenoma, airway obstruction by nasal tumour.
What is an example of how a neoplastic mass can cause local injury and pain?
Bone lysis/fracture. Osteosarcoma in distal femur of dog.
What is an example of how a neoplastic mass can cause local injury?
Ulceration, infection, hemorrhages, nerve damage, restricted motion. Sarcoid in horse, soft tissue sarcoma in dog.
What is an example of how a neoplastic mass can cause invasion and local spread?
Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Starts somewhere and invades somewhere else.
What is the phenotype of epithelial cells?
Cell adhesion to tight junctions and basement membrane. Cells transition back to epithelial after they have moved and invaded.
What is the phenotype of mesenchymal cells?
Less cell-cell tight junctions, less contact inhibition (grow in pile), more extracellular matrix adhesion, protease expression (how invade, destroy).
What is an example of metastasis?
Malignant mammary carcinoma in cat, secondary in lymphatics (carcinoma cells destroying lymphoid structures).
What is the difference between primary and secondary tumours?
The primary site is the site of origin and the secondary site is that of metastasis. With prostate carcinoma in the bone, the tumour has metastasized to the bone from the prostate so the bone is secondary and the prostate is primary.
What is hematogenous spread?
Spread of cancer through blood vessels. Eg metastatic carcinoma from gut to liver via portal vein. Hematogenous metastases in lung.
What is lymphatic spread?
Spread of cancer via lymph nodes. Eg mammary tumour in axillary lymph node.
What is the seed and soil/fertile soil concept of tumour metastases?
While many cells enter the lymphatics or blood, very few are able to succeed in growing in the places they reach.
Cells need:
-ability to detach from primary mass
-ability to invade local storm/parenchyma
-ability to enter a blood vessel (intravasate)
-ability to survive in circulation
-arrest in vessel or ability to adhere to endothelium
-ability to exit vessel (extravasate)
-ability to survive in new location by adapting to new environment
-ability to proliferate in new environment, angiogenesis