Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Neoplasia II > Flashcards

Neoplasia II Flashcards

1
Q

Why is neoplasia a major problem in vet med?

A
  • common in companion animals
  • > 30% of all dogs will get clinically significant neoplasms
  • major cause of disease related deaths in dogs ?10 years old
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is neoplasia difficult to manage?

A
  • wide variety of neoplastic conditions
  • complex multifactorial pathogenesis
  • gross appearance and imaging is important in clinical assessment
  • histopathology important for specific diagnosis
  • mecahnisms involved are important for treatment and prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does histopathology tell us about the cancer diagnosis?

A
  • cell type
  • grade of disease
  • surgical excision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the single largest health concern among pet owners?

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is successful cancer treatment measured in veterinary medicine?

A

Successful treatment often measured in quality of life; disease free interval after treatment is often only months
-not really a cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is cancer so difficult to understand and treat?

A
  • genomic instability and cell to cell heterogeneity leads to resistance to therapy (keeps evolving)
  • Invasion into normal tissues makes surgery tricky (can regrow tumour from just a few cells)
  • very poor understanding of metastases
  • every type of cancer, subtype and location are often different in terms of prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What facilities are at the OVC for cancer?

A

Companion Animal Tumour Sample Bank, Current Oncology Related Clinical Trials, Institute for Comparative Cancer Investigation, Animal Cancer Centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 6 requirements of cancer?

A
  • self-sufficiency in growth signals (don’t need external growth signals)
  • Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  • evading apoptosis
  • limitless replicative potential
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • tissue invasion and metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of cancer (simple)?

A

There are many factors involved, but cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of a normal cell type with another normal cell type that is not usually found there. The cells are still differentiated, but to a different cell type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Disorganized cells or tissues.

  • denotes some irregularity in the formation of organelles, cells, or tissues
  • at the tissue level, most often used in relation to the developmental disorganization of cell populations and arrangements in skeleton, eye, skin and brain
  • also used as a term for proliferation of atypical disorganized cells in irregular arrangements that often precede the development of neoplasms in epithelial surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define focal atypical hyperplasia*

A

Clonal mutant populations in which differentiation and proliferation are abnormal, but not neoplastic

  • composed of cells with abnormal differentiation and disorganized tissue structures
  • some are preneoplastic, but most never become neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define developmental dysplasia*

A

Some dysplasias are preneoplastic. An example is canine hip dysplasia with degenerative joint disease (but this is not a risk factor for neoplasia later in life).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would you see with the cells in preneoplastic dysplasia of bladder epithelium?

A

The cells are disorganized and look different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false: Some dysplastic epithelium is at higher risk of developing cancer.

A

True. Preneoplastic dysplasia is probably clonal and has a greater risks of leading to neoplasia than normal cells.
-epithelial dysplasia predisposes to neoplasia because it involves retention of abnormal cells that are mutated in ways that interfere with normal replication and apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the ways that atypical cells can accumulate?

A
  • in flat thickened areas (plaques)
  • protruding wart like growths (papillomas)
  • pedunculated nodules (polyps)
  • If the atypical cells secrete into a closed cavity, produce a cyst
  • In parenchymal tissues, focal atypical hyperplasias form altered foci or hyper plastic nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: All focal hyperplasias become neoplasia

A

False, some focal hyperplasias become neoplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three major abnormalities in neoplasms?

A
  • altered cell phenotype (altered differentiation)
  • dysregulated proliferation
  • accumulative growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define neoplasia

A

A new pattern of excessive and poorly controlled growth of cells with atypical differentiation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A new excessive growth of cells with poorly controlled proliferation.
OR
A mutant population of cells with atypical differentiation, dysregulated proliferation, and accumulative growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define anaplasia

A

A form of dysregulated abnormal cell proliferation and a bad feature of neoplasms.
-highly prolific neoplastic cells can take on a general undifferentiated replicative form so the cell type cannot be identified, anaplasia is used for this reversion to primitive cell form in neoplasms but not generally used to indicate undifferentiated normal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define carcinoma

A

A noun or suffix for a malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells
-eg surface epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Adeno-

A

a prefix indicating that cells are organized into secretory or acinar structures

  • adenoma is a benign neoplasm of glandular epithelial cells
  • adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of glandular (secretory) epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define sarcoma

A

A noun or suffix for a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cells
-eg round cell sarcoma mostly from bone marrow cells, spindle cell sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define tumour

A

A focal swelling, mass or lump that is or might be a neoplasm. This is any solid neoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define neoplastic transformation

A

The change from preneoplastic to neoplastic proliferation. Increased activity of growth stimulatory oncogenes is usually required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define malignant conversion

A

The change from a benign neoplasm to a malignant neoplasm. The relevant changes give the malignant cells new harmful behaviours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define malignant

A

Likely to become progressively worse and cause death.

29
Q

Define benign

A

A condition that is not malignant.

30
Q

Define -oma

A

A suffix that indicates a tumourous swelling, usually a neoplasm.
-hematoma is hemorrhagic swelling and is non-neoplastic, adenoma is a glandular neoplasm

31
Q

Can benign neoplasms be lethal?

A

Sometimes.

  • example is lipoma in the mesentery that may cause intestinal strangulation
  • not invasive/destructive themselves but cause issues with their structure
32
Q

What are the parts of the diagnostic evaluation of neoplasms?

A
  • first the determination that a particular proliferative lesion is neoplastic
  • cell type, grade, stage of progression
  • resection margins to assess whether the neoplasm has been removed completely
33
Q

What is diagnosis of a neoplasm based on?

A

Various criteria that indicate that an atypical proliferation has become sufficiently independent that it will continue to enlarge if left untreated.

34
Q

How is cell type evaluated?

A
  • most neoplasms named according to cell type based on their phenotypic resemblance to normal cell types
  • three types are epithelial (determine if secretory or surface cells), mesenchymal (often spindle shaped, goes on appearance of cell not the embryonic germ layer from where it arose) and other/round cell
35
Q

What are some limitations to the evaluation of cell type?

A

Cell type is identified based on histological appearance

  • dysregulated gene expression and genomic instability can lead to many variations from the usual or expected patterns of gene expression in a cell type
  • advanced neoplasms can lose differentiation (become anapaestic) such that the cell type cannot be readily identified
36
Q

What is a benign epithelial cell called?

A

-(aden)oma

eg nasal adenoma

37
Q

What is a malignant epithelial cell celled?

A

-(Adeno)carcinoma

eg nasal adenocarcinoma

38
Q

What is a benign mesenchymal cell called?

A

-oma

eg osteoma

39
Q

What is a malignant mesenchymal cell called?

A

-sarcoma

eg osteosarcoma

40
Q

What suffix do benign neoplasms have?

A

-oma immediately following the term for the cell type

41
Q

What is the difference between the suffix for benign vs malignant?

A

-oma also used but preceded by sarc for mesenchymal types or carcin for epithelial types

42
Q

What are benign and malignant osteocytes called?

A

Osteoma, osteosarcoma

43
Q

What are benign and malignant blood vessels called?

A

Hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma

-technically epithelial but look like mesenchymal so called sarcoma

44
Q

What are benign and malignant bile ducts called?

A

cholangioma, cholangiosarcoma

45
Q

What are benign and malignant hepatocytes called?

A

hepatoma (hepatocellular adenoma), hepatocarcinoma

46
Q

What are some exceptions to the binomial scheme?

A
  • terms for the benign lesion are used for the malignant lesion in some tissues
  • a melanoma could be benign or malignant, often benign are called melanocytoma
  • malignancy of lymphocytes often called a lymphoma
  • can use benign and malignant in front
47
Q

Define myeloma

A

malignant plasma cell neoplasm in bone marrow

48
Q

Define leukemia

A

Neoplastic hematopoietic cells in blood and bone marrow

  • liquid tumour often don’t form mass
  • solid tumours can turn to liquid
49
Q

What are the steps of cancer development the bladder?

A

hyperplasia, dysplasia, adenoma, carcinoma

50
Q

What is stage of progression based on?

A

Clinical behaviour that can be observed. When this is not possible, neoplasms can only be assessed by cytologic criteria that reflect the grade of malignancy.

51
Q

What criteria are direct observations of harmful behaviour for staging?

A
  • secretion of active products
  • expansion
  • Invasion
  • metastasis
52
Q

What criteria are predictive of the potential for a neoplasm to do harm?

A

-cytological changes correlating with aggressive growth, genomic instability, etc

53
Q

What does the TNM staging of malignancy provide?

A

A framework for staging some epithelial and stroll neoplasms, but is not applicable to neoplasms of hematopoietic cells.

54
Q

What are the TNM stages based on?

A

Where the tumour has spread.

  • T is the primary tumour
  • N is the regional lymph nodes
  • M is metastases to remote tissue locations
55
Q

What is TNM stage 0?

A

T: carcinoma in situ (in one place), non-invasive, contained within tissue
N: no cells in draining lymph nodes
M: no metastases

56
Q

What is TNM stage 1?

A

T: Shallow invasion
N: no cells in draining lymph nodes
M: no metastases

57
Q

What is TNM stage 2?

A

T: deep invasion
N: no cells in draining lymph nodes
M: no metastases

58
Q

What is TNM stage 3?

A

T: yes
N: yes
M: no metastases

59
Q

What is TNM stage 4?

A

T: yes
N: yes
M: yes
-worst clinically

60
Q

Can the TNM system be modified?

A

Yes, there are many variations in various neoplasms

61
Q

Do grading systems vary among tumour types?

A

Yes

62
Q

What are grades of neoplasia based on?

A

Various microscopic criteria:

  • rate of proliferation
  • atypia
  • aneuploidy (not normal amount of chromosomes)
  • local behaviour - growth, necrosis, invasion (high necrosis is bad)
63
Q

When is grading useful?

A
  • often low clinical meaning, can be levels 1, 2 or 1, 2, 3 or low, intermediate, high
  • grade doesn’t predict outcome for osteosarcoma
  • can be used for other types of cancer to predict outcome
64
Q

How do neoplastic cells differ in microscopic appearance from normal cells?

A
  • atypical cell differentiation
  • replicative activity (high mitotic rate)
  • heterogeneity (one cell looks different)
  • nuclear abnormalities including hyperchromasia, multi nucleation, aneuploidy, polyploidy, chromosomal deletions or translocations, karyomegaly
  • anaplasia
  • reduced cell death
65
Q

How can there be cell heterogeneity in cancer cells?

A
  • anisocytosis (variation in cell size)
  • anisokaryosis (variation in nuclear size)
  • high n/c ratio (nuclear/cytoplasmic)
66
Q

Define anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation

-not able to tell what kind of cells

67
Q

What are some key factors of reduced cell death in cancer cells?

A
  • loss of p53

- Increased bcl2, surviving, viral inhibitors

68
Q

What is more important, high stage or low grade?

A

High stage is more clinically important than low grade since stagers based on behaviour

69
Q

Can a tumour be graded after undergoing treatment or tumours that recur after treatment?

A

No, the correlation between grade and disease outcome is based on criteria that may have changed due to treatment.

Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions