Neoplasia Disease Flashcards
What is a cell cycle?
A series of events in the life of a cell in which cell components are grown and DNA is completely replicated, followed by mitosis; division into two cells, each containing the identical genetic information as the parent cell
What is a mitosis?
Division into two cells; each containing the identical genetic information as the parent cell
Where does cells spend varying amounts of time?
Cells spend varying amounts of time in G1 (dormant state of G0) before cell signals, particularly levels of cyclin proteins, initiate entry into the cell cycle.
Where does the cell goes after a number of divisions?
Cells may enter replicative senescence after which they will not reenter the cell cycle.
What are the control of the cell cycle dependent on?
Tissue needs, but also on the signals internal to the cell indicating that sufficient supplies are available for DNA duplication and later that DNA replication has produced a normal result.
What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?
Assure cell readiness and healthy status prior to cycle progression
What is a protein p53?
Critical signal for blocking cell cycle progression when DNA damage has occurred
What is cancer state?
A state in which cell proliferation proceeds uninhibited by the usual control mechanisms, producing tumors made up of progressively more abnormal cells
What is Proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes may be activated into oncogenes (a gain-of function mutation), stimulating unregulated cell proliferation
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
May be turned off (loss-of function mutation), reducing protective reactions such as DNA repair and cell cycle arrest when DNA damage has occurred
What are the hallmarks of cancer include?
Uncontrolled proliferative signaling
Evasion of growth suppressors
Genomic instability
Telomerase activity
Apoptosis evasion
Angiogenesis promotion
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition that contributes to invasion and metastasis
Evasion of immune destruction
Metabolic alterations that promote cell survival
What is a cancer?
Genetic disorder in which a single cell with a few gene mutations produces generations of cells that have progressive mutations, favoring the development of uncontrolled cell division and ultimately invasion and metastasis
How is cancer be localized?
Localized to a specific organ or may affect bone marrow blood cell precursors, producing leukemias and lymphomas
What happened whether a cancer is localized or generalized?
Cancer can produce systemic changes and symptoms, including inflammation, hypercoagulability, changes in blood count, mucosal lesions, fatigue, fevers, pain, anorexia, changes in mood and sleep disturbance.
What is a treatment with chemo or radiation therapy often has a similar effects?
Has a similar effects, while sometimes resulting in the critical state of tumor lysis syndrome
What is malignant tumors?
Named by their tissue of origin and share the properties of invasion (cell growth beyond usual tissue boundaries) and metastasis (ability of tumor cells to break off from the original site and travel through blood or lymph to distant organs)
How many percentages of cancers result from sporadic DNA mutations?
Approximately 90% to 95% including those that activate proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
What does sporadic mutations have that turn on oncogenes?
Chromosomal translocations
What does cancer genetics include?
Include hereditary cancers in which germline mutations in a tumor suppressor gene confers risk of cancer development in later life.
What does cancer-causing viruses can directly alter?
Alter oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression in the affected cell
What is a genotyping tumor cells?
Various stages of disease progression enables targeted therapies that can be very effective across a wide variety of cancer types
What is cancers in children like?
Often have hematopoietic origin or target the brain or bone
s/s may be different from adult cancer
What cancer are more common in children and adolescents than in adults?
Hematological cancers, those affecting lymphoid cells
What is true about increase risk of cancers in older adults?
Cancer increases with age, and age influences management choices for pt w/ cancer
