Musculoskeletal Disease

Question 1

During which stage of fracture healing does the pH become alkaline, activating osteoblasts to secrete osteoid?

Answer 1

Formation of bony callus

Question 2

Which of the following is not a common type of movement at a synovial joint?

Answer 2

Gliding denotes a type of joint in which articular surfaces are flat or slightly curved and allow limited movement.

Question 3

A patient with a fractured radius has been prescribed an antibiotic due to Staphylococcus aureus cultured within the wound. Which of the following is the most likely type of fracture?

Answer 3

An open, or compound, fracture is a break in the bone causing the bone to communicate with the outside air. Infection is a major risk, most commonly by S. aureus.

Question 4

The main distinguishing characteristic(s) between Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is:

Answer 4

Complete absence of dystrophin expression and age at onset

Question 5

Pain occurring in a joint that is caused by strong mechanical forces and repetitive stress and is improved by rest describes:

Answer 5

Tendinopathy is caused by strong mechanical forces and repetitive stress, as in tennis elbow.

Question 6

What is bone?

Answer 6

Bone is a rigid structure containing cells interspersed with a mineralized extracellular matrix.

Question 7

What activity is responsible for the remodeling, turnover of bone tissue that enables strengthening in response to stress?

Answer 7

osteoclasts (resorption), osteoblasts (deposition), and osteocytes

Question 8

What causes bone to fracture?

Answer 8

Secondary to trauma, certain diseases (osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta) and medications that increases risk

Question 9

What is require for proper healing for fracture?

Answer 9

Fractures must be immobilized for proper healing

Question 10

How long does a complete healing of fracture takes up to?

Answer 10

Take up to 1 year after a fracture

Question 11

What is the purpose of immobilization for a fracture?

Answer 11

Allow for fracture healing results in disuse atrophy of the muscles in the affected region.

Question 12

What is true about the recovery of a fracture and prolonged disuse atrophy?

Answer 12

Recovery of function takes longer than the development of atrophy, and prolonged disuse atrophy may lead to muscle contractures.

Question 13

What is a joints?

Answer 13

Regions where two or more bones come together and are connected in a variety of ways

Question 14

What are the several types of joints?

Answer 14

Some permit movement
Others are immoveable (fibrous joints) or only slightly moveable (cartilaginous joints)
Freedom of movements (synovial joints)

Question 15

What is a synovial joints?

Answer 15

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled synovial cavity
- movement occurs

Question 16

What does synovial joints include?

Answer 16

Complex structures bounded by an articular capsule and containing elements such as synovial fluid, ligaments, menisci, bursae, tendon sheaths, and cartilage

Question 17

What are the types of musculoskeletal injuries?

Answer 17

Strains and sprains

Question 18

What is a strain?

Answer 18

Stretching injury to a musculotendinous unit that heals relatively quickly, and a sprain is a joint injury that involves damage to ligaments.

Question 19

What are the severity of sprains/

Answer 19

Grade 1 through 3.
Grade 1: least severe and most rapidly healing
Grade 3: most severe involves complete ligament rupture
Grade 2 and 3 sprains cause sufficient structural damage to make the joint unstable and unable to function.

Question 20

What is a ankle sprains?

Answer 20

Common injury with sport activities
- Several ligaments of the ankle joints can be damaged by sprains.
- Common is the damage of the lateral ligamentous complex resulting from severe foot inversion

Question 21

What is a knee injury?

Answer 21

Knee is the most complex joint in the body and knee injuries are correspondingly varies and complex.

Question 22

What happened during a knee injury?

Answer 22

sports injuries often target the knee with either a valgus force to the lateral knee surface that damages or tears the medial collateral ligament, or a varus force to the medial surface of the knee that damages or tears the lateral collateral ligament.

Question 23

What is a severe internal knee rotation?

Answer 23

Severe internal knee rotation with the foot planted, or a lateral blow to the knee with the foot fixed, may rupture the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), leading to pain, swelling, loss of range of motion, and instability.

Question 24

What is a shoulder?

Answer 24

The shoulder is a complex region that comprised multiple joints allowing for a great deal of mobility but also increasing the risk of injury from traumatic dislocations, tears, and repetitive use.

Question 25

What is a common cause of a shoulder injury and what population?

Answer 25

rotator cuff tendons are a common cause of shoulder injury and pain in the adult population, either from impingement, repetitive trauma causing tendinopathies and tears, or traumatic tearing.

Question 26

What is a back pain?

Answer 26

Common presenting symptom and can result from many causes.

Question 27

What is a one source of a back pain?

Answer 27

Herniated disc causing a collapse of one vertebra on another

Question 28

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 28

Vertebra collapse that may impinge on spinal roots, causing pain and loss of nerve conduction. Sensory and motor deficits will be associated with the segmental level of the abnormality.

Question 29

Where on the spinal does herniated disc mostly affects?

Answer 29

most commonly affects the lower cervical and lumbar levels.

Question 30

What is a cumulative trauma disorders?

Answer 30

Repetitive stress injuries Ex: carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, lateral epicondylitis, trigger finger, and hip bursitis.

Question 31

What are the causes of a cumulative trauma disorders?

Answer 31

work-related and may result from nonergonomically designed tasks; others are recreation-related

Question 32

What is a possible pathogenesis of a cumulative trauma disorders?

Answer 32

tendon damage proceeding to noninflammatory tendinosis; compression neuropathies with nerve ischemia; and the combination of neuropathic compression with myofascial pain and muscle use imbalance.

Question 33

What is a thoracic outlet syndrome?

Answer 33

complex disorder that, in some cases, is due to disordered anatomy, or in some cases cumulative stress disorder. manifest with nerve compression, venous compression, or arterial injury.

Question 34

What is the musculoskeletal position and development in infancy and toddler years?

Answer 34

shaped by prenatal position, then by acquisition of developmental milestones of movement that alter the use of and load on muscles, bones, and joints.

Question 35

What is a common disorder of a musculoskeletal in children?

Answer 35

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Question 36

What is true about continuing bone growth in childhood and adolescence?

Answer 36

Childhood and adolescence are periods of continuing bone growth and mineralization, and in some cases abnormal development, as in scoliosis.

Question 37

What is fracture look like in children?

Answer 37

Fracture healing is rapid, but risks of overuse injuries with athletic activities and growth plate fractures are increased.

Question 38

What are the genetic disorders affecting musculoskeletal function in children?

Answer 38

muscular dystrophy and osteogenesis imperfecta, with impaired muscle and bone function, respectively.

Question 39

What is the musculoskeletal functions in older adults?

Answer 39

progressive losses of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) and bone mass and strength (osteopenia and osteoporosis)

Question 40

What is the severity conditions in older adults depends on?

Answer 40

severity of conditions in older adults is inversely proportional to the amount of aerobic and weight-bearing physical activity.

Question 41

What is osteoporosis associated with?

Answer 41

Increased fracture risk

Question 42

What is a aging of joints predisposes to?

Answer 42

Aging of joints predisposes to degenerative joint diseases, including osteoarthritis, gout, and spondyloarthritis, that contribute to mobility limitations and disability.

Question 43

What is the neurological dysfunction of Parkinson disease may predispose to?

Answer 43

Pisa Syndrome

Question 44

What is a Pisa syndrome?

Answer 44

altered posture with a tendency to lean toward or away from the more affected side of the body. Management is directed to the neurological root of the condition, rather than the musculoskeletal system.

Question 45

What is bone growth in childhood is influenced by?

Answer 45

loads on the skeleton, adequacy of diet, and actions of growth hormone and sex steroids.