Neoplasia clinical qs Flashcards
What is the name of a benign tumour of glandular epithelium?
What is the name of a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium?
Adenoma
adenocarcinoma
What is a polyp?
A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane into the lumen.
If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be pedunculated.
If no stalk is present, it is said to be sessile.
what is tumour of the uterus of women?
What is the cell of origin and what is its “correct” name?
Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas or fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus.
In Osteosarcoma,
What cell type has the tumour arisen from?
- Describe what u see in A & B*
- At what age does this tumour commonly present?*
- Where do most of these tumours occur?*
Osteoblasts!
A- osteoid matrix
B-malignant osteoblasts
children!
Long bones, usually in legs and sides of knees, proximal tibia
Ovarian Tetroma
Presentation?
-what is A & B?
What type of tumour is this and what is the cell of origin?
What is the colloquial name for this tumour and why did it get this name?
How does its behaviour differ from the equivalent tumour in the testis?
Apart from the ovary and testis where else can these tumours occur?
A- Sebaceous gland B-squamous epithelium
Its a Teratoma
Totipotent stem cells - tumour of germ cells
Dermoid cyst>> cuz it look like the skin
In testes it is poorly differentiated, in ovaries it is well differentiated
contain hair, sebum, cheesy sebaceous material, common to find tooth structures and areas of calcification
(in midline)
What is a struma ovarii?
a subtype of an ovarian teratoma and is composed entirely or predominantly of thyroid tissue and containing variable-sized follicles with colloid material.
Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia
what it is?
presentation
BM produces too many WBC called lymphocytes that aren’t fully developed and don’t work properly.
- lethargy (tiredness) & breathlessness.
- On examination > pale conjunctiva (pallor of mucous membranes)
- hepatomegaly
- splenomegaly
- In addition his neck, groin and axillary lymph nodes are enlarged (lymphadenopathy).
CLL
Why do u have pale conjunctiva and what do you think this means?
Anaemia - increased WBC less RBC by bone marrow
CLL
Why do u get breathless?
Why do u have hepatomegaly and splenomegaly?
Anemic>> low o2 carrying capacity
increased red pulp & white pulp functioning>> trying to get rid of the defective cells as well as trying to make more RBC cuz the BM isnt psoducing blood cells preperly!
Extramedullary heomatopoeis in liver>> hepatomegaly
this is CLL
what do u see?
In CLL, which cells in particular is this a tumour of?
- A= Lymphocytes
- B= RBC
also spherocytes r present!>>hemolytic anemia
B LYPMHOCTYTES
what is a charactersitci finding in CLL?
smudge cells!
What is the difference between CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma?
they differ in the DEGREE of peripheral Blood lymphcytosis!
- CLL cancer cells are found mostly in the blood and BM.
- SLL cancer cells are found mostly in the lymph nodes
label
What are the likely sites of the primary tumour?
How would the metastasis reach the brain?
- A-Metastasis*
- B-lateral ventricle*
COlon, Lung, Breast
Breast —> heart —> lung —-> heart —> brain (blood brain barrier) Via vascular system
what is melanoma?
What are other sites for metastasis of this tumour?
Melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer, develops in the cells (melanocytes) that produce melanin
The first picture is a normal lymph node.
The second is a histological section of the patient’s lymph node. w/ malignant melanomaA!
A- T cells
B - germinal centre
C - melanin
D - malignant cells
Maliganant Melanoma
-Predisposing risk factors
describe this macroscopic feauture of Maligant melanoma
Melanomas may have a variety of colours, including tan, dark brown, black, blue, red and occasionally light grey.
describe the presentation of malignant melanoma
what r carcinoid tumours?
what is their other name?
Presentation?
complications?
Carcinoid tumours are rare, slow-growing tumours that originate in cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system.
They occur most frequently in tissues derived from the embryonic gut.
“well differentiated neuroendocrine tumour”
Present: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, sweating and flushing.
Complications: GI carcinoid tumours >> appendicitis, intussusception, bowel obstruction or bowel perforation (rare).
A 65 year old man complained of intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhoea, sweating & flushing.
What substances are being produced by the tumour to cause the patient’s symptoms?
Features of carcinoid tumours are caused by the release of pharmacologically active mediators:
- 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),
- prostaglandins
- kinins & substance P,
- gastrin,
- somatostatin, corticotropin and neuron-specific enolase into the peripheral circulation.
label
Pancreatic tumour at head of pancreas
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
adenocarcinoma : a malignant tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.
label
section of healthy pancreas
B-islets of langerhans
C=Exocrine pancreas
What is labeled D and therefore what type of tumour is this likely to be?
liver section
why might this patient have had a DVT?
hepaticcarcinoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by infection with _____
HHV8
what Conditions have a higher than average risk of developing cancer?
- familial adenomatous polyposis
- Paget’s disease of bone
- schistosomiasis of the bladder
what type of cancer does hepatitis B cause?
hepatocellular carcinoma
what type of cancer does HPV cause?
carcinoma of the cervix
