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Pathology-Alaa > Inflammation 2 > Flashcards

Inflammation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

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2
Q

Dominant cell type in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophage

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3
Q

How does chronic imflammation arise?

A

1) takes over acute inflamamtion
2) can occur w/ out prior acute inflammation
3) develops along side acute inflammation
4) autoimmune conditions

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4
Q

In what case can chronic inflammation occur w/ out prior acute imflammation?

A

In some chronic inflammations like:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • TB
  • autoimmune diseases
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5
Q

What does chromic inflammation look like under a microscope?

A
  • Abundance of macrophages

- granulation tissue

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6
Q

Cells involved in chronic inflammation:(4)

A

FLEM

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts-make collagen
Lymphocytes-B&T cells
Eosonophils-allergic reaction, defence against parasitic worms
Macrophages

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7
Q

Major functions of macrophages:

A 
--Phagocytosis
•  Secretion of numerous STUFF
 •  Presenting antigens to the IS
•  Stimulating angiogenesis
•  Inducing fibrosis 
•  Inducing fever, acute phase reaction and cachexia.
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8
Q

Functions of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

A

Produce connective tissue like collagen, elastin, GAGS.

Differentiate in to myofibroblasts that can contract.

IMPORTANT IN WOUND HEALING (responsible in bringing wounds back together again)

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9
Q

Different types of giant cells &; where r they seen? (3)

A

~langhans giant cells=TB

~foreign body giant cell=foreign material

~Touton giant cell=fat necrosis

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10
Q

What type of infection r giant cells found in?

A

Granulomatous infections

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11
Q

What r giant cells & why do they form?

A

macrophages fuse together to form single cell called a ‘giant cell’

~they form when they cant kill the cell for some reason, so in order to cope with that they fuse. this is called frustrated phagocytosis

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12
Q

Describe the nuclei of the 3 giant cells

A

Langhans> nuclei r on periphery (horse shoe appearence)

Foreign body giant cell> arranged randomly, disorganised

Touton giant cell> arranged ringlike in the centre

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13
Q

What r foam cells? Where can they be seen?

A

Macrophages whose cytoplasm appears FOAMY as they have phagoctyosed alot of lipid

In atheresclerosis

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14
Q

How can chronic inflammation be harmful? what r their effect (4) )consequences

A

Fibrosis amd impaired function

Involvmemt of inappropriate immune response

Atrophy-reduction in tissue size

Impaired fuction

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15
Q

List some major clinical examples of chronic inflammation

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • ulcerative colitis
  • chron’s disease
  • chronic gastritis
  • chronic cholecystitis
  • cirrhosis
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16
Q

Define a granuloma,

When granulomatous inflammation occurs? Major causes? In which conditions can the appearnce of granulomas be seen? (3)

A

A granuloma is the bodys way of dealing with particles that r poory soluble or difficult to eliminate. Group of macrophages stuck together.

causes:
infection
MYCOBACTERIUM: TB and leprosy

sarcoidosis, wegners syndrome, chrons disease

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17
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis

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18
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in cell or tissue size

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19
Q

What is a fistula? Give am example where they can form?

A

Abnormal connection btw 2 epithelail lined organs

In chrons disease

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20
Q

Ulcerative cholitis vs crohn’s disease

A

U» is superficial> meaning it only effects the muscosa amd not underlyimg tissues

DIARRHOEA, BLEEDING

chrons»transmural» it effects mucosae AND underlying tissue

FISTULAE & STRICTURES

21
Q

What is liver cirrhosis? What causes it?

A 
ALCOHOL
drugs and toxins
Fatty liver disease
Infection HBV
Imuunological
22
Q

Cirrhosis vs fibrosis

A

Cirrohisis is chronic inflammation with fibrosis!

-Fibrosisis the first stage ofliverscarring. When scar tissue builds up and takes over most of theliver, this is a more serious problem calledcirrhosis

23
Q

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (4)

A

Fibrosis
Impaired fucntion
Atrophy
Stimulaton of immune response

24
Q

Give an example of a fribrotic case in the body?

A

Chronic cholecystitis

Repeated attacks of acute inflammation

25
Q

What is inflammatory bowel diseas? how to oatients present?

A

Idiopathic inflammatroey disease affecting the large and small bowel

DiheRea
Rectal bleeding

26
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis

A

Theyre r anitbodies against TSH, produces too much TSH.
Graves disease
-is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid.
-in which the body produces antibodies to the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

27
Q

2 typrs of granulomas?

A

1) Foreign body granuloma

2) hypersensitvity or immune type granuloma

28
Q

Patients with ULCERATIVE COLITIS develop complications in organs or tissues other than the gastrointestinal system. Which organs/tissues can be involved and what complications can occur in them?

A

Sclerosing colingitis» bialry tree become fibrotic

Uc is a autoimmune disease, so think of ankther disease that is autosommjne like

EYES, iritis» inflammation of irus
Skin» erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, ulceration on legs (thought to be due to autoimmune attack on skin

29
Q

What 2 microorganisms cause a bloody diharrea?

A

Shigella

E coli

30
Q

What other complications can arise as the result of acute appendicitis?

A

Fistula» a connection that forms between 2 organs

U can get portal vein thrombosis (thats where blood drains)

Septecemia

Absecc

31
Q

another name for macrophages

A

histocytes

32
Q

what type of inflammation r giant cells seen in?

A

granulamatous inflammation

33
Q

what is fibrosis? give an example

A

excess of fibrous tissue, occurs when fibroblasts r stimulated by cytokines to produce EXCESS COLLAGEN.
eg; interstitial fibrosis of the lung
**if the fibrotic area contain enough myofibroblasts…it can slowly contract and cause more probs.

34
Q

what cells do u granulomas contain?

A

epitheloid cells, which r modified macrophages that look like epithelial cells than have an eosoniphilic cytoplasm and appear tightly packed together.

35
Q

classify foreign body granulomas

A

contain macrophages, foreign body giant cells, epithelia cells, fibroblasts,
they develop around a material that is not antigenic! ex: surgical thread

36
Q

Where can granulomas be seen?

A

In places where the substances r hard to digest.

37
Q

What is a granuloma

A

Fustrated Macrophages that stick together to look like epitheloid macrohpage
stick together and look like epithelial cells

38
Q

Caseous is asscoiated with GRANULOMAS INFLAMMATION

A

In tb

39
Q

What is Pilonidal cynas?

A

When hair in ur bum builds up in the cleft are of ur buttox

40
Q

what causes TB? how does it cause it? what type of giant cell is present? and type of necrosis?

A
  • Mycobacteria
  • it doesn’t really make toxins or lytic enzymes, they just survive, and use body’s reaction (chronic inflamm. to kill da human)
  • Langhans
  • caseous necrosis
41
Q

what is sarcoidosis?

A

Sarcoidosis is a rare condition that causes small patches of red and swollen tissue, called granulomas, to develop in the organs of the body. It usually affects the lungs and skin.

42
Q

why is chronic inflammation important? what can it lead to?

A
  • fibrosis
  • impaired function and atrophy
  • stimulation of immune response
43
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

a break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus

44
Q

what is a range complex?

A

when goons complex undergoes fibrosis and calcifies»RANKE COMPLEX (scar tissue seen in lung on X-ray)

45
Q

Describe in eacho f these disprders, which cells r mostly present during chrimic inflammation?

  • Rheumatoid athritis
  • Chronic gastritis
  • Leishmaniasis (a protozoal infection)
A

Rheumatoid arthritis: Mainly plasma cells. –
Chronic gastritis: Mainly lymphocytes. –
Leishmaniasis (a protozoal infection): Mainly
macrophages.

46
Q

What is a Strictures? fistulae?

A

Stricture» fibrous narrowing

Fistula» abnormal connection btw 2 organs

47
Q

One od the effects of chronic inflamaation, is “increased function” give an example where this may occur

A

Thyroxitoxicosis

Graves disease

Antibodies against TSH, produces to much TSH,

48
Q

Explain the what happens after a granuoma forms around the particle

A

A granuloma forms around the particle, which can be free or phagocytised within the centre of the granuloma, and walls it off whilst concentrating mononuclear cells within its centre with which it hopes to destroy the particle.

Pathology-Alaa (16 decks)

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