Neoplasia-Bickmen Flashcards
Neoplasm
A tissue mass with excessive growth, even in the absence of a growth signal
Tumor =
Neoplasm
Benign Tumor
Remains localized and easily removed
Malignant tumor
“cancer”, invasive and destructive to adjacent tissue
Benign tissue
- Small
- slow growing
- non-invasive
- well differentiated
- local growth
Malignant features
- Large
- usually faster growing
- invasive
- poorly differentiatied
- Metastasis
what is the key feature between Benign vs Malignant
metastasizes
well differentiated
gone from stem cell to now contributing to the body (has a job)
oma
benign tumors
Adenoma
Benign tumor in glandular cells
Leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle cells
chondroma
Benign tumor from chrondrocytes
Papilloma
nippe or finger like
benign tumors
Polyp
projects outwards, forming a lump, has a stock, will usually taller, mushroom shape
benign tumors
Cystadenoma
has hollow spaces inside , usually filled with tumors
Benign tumors
Malignant Tumor
Histological features
6
- Anaplasia
- Pleomorphism
- Prominent nucleoli
- Hyperchromatism
- High nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
- May be aneuploid
carcinoma
malignant growth tumor in epithelial tissue
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of grandular cells
Squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of squamous cells
Sarcoma
Malignant tumors in mesenchymal tissue
chrondrosarcoma
Malignant tumor of chondrocytes
Angiosarcoma
Malignant tumor of blood vessels
Rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of skeletal muscle cells
Mixed tumors
show differentiation
adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma
Glands and fibromyxoid stroma(mucus)
Fibroadenoma
glands + fibrous tissue
breast mouse- you can move it around
Malignancies that sound benign
- Lymphoma
- Mesothelioma
- Melanoma
- Seminoma
Non-tumors that sound like tumors
Hamartoma – Mass of disorganized indigenous tissue
Choristoma – ‘Normal’ cells growing elsewhere
Names that “come out of no where”
leukemia
hydatidiform mole
Which of the following describes a benign tumor arising from skeletal muscle?
A. Leiomyoma
B. Papilloma
C. Rhabdomyoma
D. Leiomyosarcoma
E. Rhabdomyosarcoma
C
Tumor characteristics
- Differentiation and anaplasia
- Rate of growth
- Local invasion
- Metastasis
anaplasia
features
complete lack of differentiation
- Pleomorphism
- Hyperchromatic, large nuclei
- Bizarre nuclear shapes
- Lots of mitoses and abnormal mitoses
- Architectural anarchy
differentiation
degree to which a cell resembles the cell of orgin
malignant: moderate to poorly
benign: well differentiated
Dysplasia
disorderly growth
disorderly in non-neoplastic epithelial cells
severe form of dysplasia
name
features
carcinoma in situ
Features
- Pleomorphism
- Hyperchromatic, large nuclei
- Lots of mitoses
- Architectural anarchy
Rate of growth on cancer depends on
blood supply
hormonal factors
growth fraction
rate of growth affected by
age
type of cancer
treatment
growth fraction
portion of cells actively dividing
Metastasis
development of secondary tumor implants in distant tissue
Metastasis depends on
- Degree of differentiation of tumor
- Type of tumor
- Size of tumor
3 ways to metastasize
- Seeding: ovarian cancer–>liver
- Lymphatic Spread: carcinomas
- Hematogenous Spread: sacromas–>lungs
cancer incidence
- 2nd leading cause of death
- Most Common: prostate and breast
- Deadliest: Lung
environmetnal variables
sun= skin cancer
smoking= lung cancer
alcohol= liver, pancreas, breast cancers
insulin resistance and cancer
- More insulin receptors on cancerous tissue
- The greater the insulin resistance the greater chance of cancer
- Type 2 diabetics have a higher cancer risk
Warburg effect
cancer cells use glucose
insulin resistance/T2 diabetes is a ‘perfect storm’ for cancer
Heredity
inherited cancer syndrome
familial cancers
syndromes of defective DNA repair
inherited cancer syndromes
Autosomal Dominant
- Retinoblastoma
- Familial polyposis coli
- Neurofibromatosis
Familial cancers
breast, colon, ovary, brain
occur earlier with greater mortality
Defective DNA repair syndromes
autosomal recessive
Xeroderma pigmentosum (skin uniquely affected by sun)
Pareaneoplastic Syndrome
- expeeriencing neg effects of tumor, not due to mass but rather hormones/proteins released by it
- sigin of malignancy
cause of cancer caused by
non-lethal genetic change
proto oncogenes
oncogene
a normal, non mutant gene
mutated gene
oncogenes promote
Promote excess growth
Don’t regulate Apoptosis
Don’t inhibit growth
Don’t repair DNA
p53
Rb
Ras
p53 and Rb inhibit cell cycle
Ras inhibits p53 and Rb and promotes cell growth
Proto-oncogenes–> oncogenes
- Autonomous growth
- Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
- Evasion of apoptosis
- Limitless replication
- Sustained angiogenesis
- Invasion and metastasis
Autonomous growth
- increase secretion of growth factors
- more receptors
- activation of Ras that drives cell cycle
most common to all cancers
(most common mutation)
p53, that normally stops cell growth by activating Rb, allows cells to grow unchecked
apoptotoic proteins
proto oncogene that normally prevent cells from becoming immortal
fas
executioner capases
BCL2 family
p53
Telomere shortening
leads to cell cycle arrenst
cancer cells use telomerase to maintain telomere length (cell cycle continues)
sustained angiogensis
tumor needs blood to grow
secretes VEGF
tumor blood vessels are abnormal (no structure)
translocations
most commonly found in hematopoietic malignancies
Philadelphia chromosome
Deletions
deletion of part or all of a chromosome, usually a tumor suppressor gene (p53)
Retinoblastoma
sun causes the formation of
T=T dimers
agents of cancer
- chemical carcinogens (direct and indirect)
- radiation
- sun
- Infections: H. pylori, HPV, EBV…..
Grading
Tells you appearance of the disease
Mitosis, pleomporphism, Necrosis
Staging
Tells you metastasis
TNM system
more useful than grading
