Neoplasia Associations Flashcards
Aflatoxins
Hepatocellular carcinoma (MC in Africa) - derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored rice and grains
Alkylating agents
Leukemia/lymphoma
- side effect of chemotherapy
Alcohol
Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Arsenic
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma of liver
Arsenic is present in cigarette smoke, has been applied to skin before.
Asbestos
Lung carcinoma, mesothelioma.
Exposure to asbestos is more likely to lead to lung cancer than mesothelioma
Cigarette smoke
Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas
MC carcinogen worldwide; polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularly carcinogenic
Nitrosamines
Stomach carcinoma
- found in smoked foods, responsible for rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan
Naphthylamine
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder
Derived from cigarette smoke
Vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma of liver
- Occupational exposure; used to make PVC for use in pipes
Nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica
Lung Carcinoma
Occupational exposure
EBV
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (MC in chinese males, african individual, presents as neck mass)
Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS
HHV-8
Kaposi sarcoma - tumor of endothelial cells, presents with raised purple nodules on skin.
MC in
1. Eastern European males (remove nodules)
2. AIDS pts (boost immune system to treat)
3. Transplant pts who are immunosuppressed (treat by decreasing immunosuppression)
HTLV-1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
High Risk HPV
Subtypes 16,18,31,33
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, cervix
Adenocarcinoma of cervix
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation = nuclear reactor accidents, radiotherapy)
AML, CNL, papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
When radiation hits H2O in tissues, hydroxyl free radicals are generated
Non-ionizing
Nonionizing Radiation - UVB sunlight 1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Melanoma of skin Results in formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease, but excessive DNA damage over-rides repair machinery
2 causes of hepatocellular carcionoma
Alcohol and Alfotoxins (from Aspergillus, which can contaminate grains)
PDGFB
PDGFB = patelet derived growthfactor.
Oncogene: Mutation leads to overexpression, autocrine loop
Associated tumor = astrocytoma
ERBB2 (HER2/neu)
ERBB2 = Epidermal growth factor
Oncogene: the protein is amplified
Associated tumor = subest of breast carcinomas. (This oncogene is the therapeutic target for herceptin)
RET
RET = Neural growth factor receptor
Oncogene: Poitn mutation
Tumor: (Multiple endocrine neoplasia) MEN2A, MEN2B, and sporadic medulary carcinoma of thyroid
–> May require prophylactic thyroidectomy
KIT
KIT = stem cell growth factor receptor
Oncogene: Point mutation
Tumor: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
RAS gene family
RAS = GTP-binding protein
Oncogene: point mutation
Tumor: Carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma
c-myc
c-MYC = transcription factor
Oncogene: t(8;14), involving IgH
Tumor: Burkitt Lymphoma (starry sky appearance)
N-myc
N-myc = transcription factor
Oncogene: Amplification
Tumor: Neuroblastoma
