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Pathology (Mine) > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the highest new cancer rates for men?

A

Prostate
Lung and bronchus
Colon and rectum

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2
Q

What is the highest new cancer rates for women?

A

Breast cancer
Lung and bronchus
Colon and rectum

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3
Q

What are the most common cancers in children?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia
CNS malignancy
Neuroblastoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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4
Q

What does nitrosamines cause?

A

Gastric cancer

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5
Q

What does cigarette smoke cause?

A

Multiple malignancies

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6
Q

What does polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons cause?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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7
Q

What does asbestos cause?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma and mesothelioma

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8
Q

What does chromium and nickel cause?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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9
Q

What does arsenic cause?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin and lung

Angiosarcoma of liver

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10
Q

What does vinyl chloride cause?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver

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11
Q

What does aromatic amines and azo dyes cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

What does alkylating agents cause?

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Other cancers

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13
Q

What does benzene cause?

A

Leukemia

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14
Q

What does naphthylamine cause?

A

Bladder cancer

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15
Q

What does exposure to radon cause and who does it effect?

A
  1. Lung cancer

2. Uranium miners

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16
Q

What types of viruses cause neoplasm?

A

RNA oncogenic viruses

DNA oncogenic virus

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17
Q

What virus is a RNA oncogenic virus?

A

Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1)

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18
Q

What does HTLV-1 cause?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

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19
Q

What viruses are DNA oncogenic viruses?

A

Hepatitis B virus
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8)

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20
Q

What does hepatitis B virus cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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21
Q

What does epstein-barr virus (EBV) cause?

A

Implicated in:
Burkitt lymphoma
B cell lymphomas in immunosuppressed patients
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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22
Q

What does the human papilloma virus (HPV) cause?

A 
Benign squamous papillomas (warts-condyloma acuminatum)
Cervical carcinoma
Vulvar carcinoma
Vaginal carcinoma
Penile carcinoma
Anal carcinoma
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23
Q

What does kaposi-sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8) cause?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Easy answer don’t get wrong

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24
Q

What does oncogenes FGF3 and FGF4 cause?

A

Cancer of the stomach, breast, bladder, and Kaposi sarcoma

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25
Q

What is the gene product of FGF3 and FGF4?

A

Fibroblast growth factors

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of FGF3 and FGF4?

A

Overexpression

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27
Q

What does oncogene PGDFRA cause?

A

Astrocytoma

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28
Q

What is the gene product of PGDFRA?

A

Platelet derived growth factor

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29
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of PGDFRA?

A

Overexpression

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30
Q

What does the oncogene ERBB1 cause?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung

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31
Q

What is the gene product of ERBB1?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of ERBB1?

A

Overexpression

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33
Q

What does the oncogene ERBB2 cause?

A

Breast, ovary and lung tumors

34
Q

What is the gene product of ERBB2?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

35
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of ERBB2?

A

Amplification

36
Q

What does oncogene ERBB3 cause?

A

Breast tumors

37
Q

What is the gene product of ERBB3?

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor

38
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of ERBB3?

A

Overexpression

39
Q

What does oncogene RET cause?

A

MEN 2A and 2B, familial thyroid (medullary) cancer

40
Q

What is the gene product of RET?

A

Glial neurotrophic factor receptor

41
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of RET?

A

Point mutation

42
Q

What does oncogene ABL cause?

A

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

43
Q

What is the gene product of ABL?

A

bcr-abl fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity

44
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of ABL?

A

Translocation

45
Q

What does the oncogene KRAS cause?

A

Lung pancreas and colon tumors

46
Q

What is the gene product of KRAS?

A

GTP binding protein

47
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of KRAS?

A

Point mutation

48
Q

What does the oncogene MYC cause?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

49
Q

What is the gene product of MYC?

A

Nuclear regulatory protein

50
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of MYC?

A

Translocation t(8;14)

51
Q

What does the oncogene MYCL cause?

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

52
Q

What is the gene product of MYCL?

A

Nuclear regulatory protein

53
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of MYCL?

A

Amplification

54
Q

What does the oncogene MYCN cause?

A

Neuroblastoma

55
Q

What is the gene product of MYCN?

A

Nuclear regulatory protein

56
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of MYCN?

A

Amplification

57
Q

What does the oncogene CCND1 cause?

A

Mantle cell lymphoma

58
Q

What is the gene product of CCND1?

A

Cyclin D protein

59
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of CCND1?

A

Translocation t(11;14)

60
Q

What does the oncogene CDK4 cause?

A

Melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

61
Q

What is the gene product of CDK4?

A

Cyclin dependent kinase

62
Q

What is the mechanism of activation of CDK4?

A

Amplification

63
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene VHL cause?

A

von Hippel-Lindau disease and renal cell carcinoma

64
Q

What does the tumor suppressor genes WT1 and WT2 cause?

A

Wilms tumor

65
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene RB1 cause?

A

Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

66
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene TP53 cause?

A

Lung, breast, colon and others

67
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 cause?

A

Hereditary breast and ovary cancer

68
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 cause?

A

Hereditary breast cancer

69
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene APC cause?

A

Adenomatous polyps and colon cancer

70
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene DCC cause?

A

Colon cancer

71
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene NF1 cause?

A

Neurofibromas

72
Q

What does the tumor suppressor gene NF2 cause?

A

Acoustic neuromas and meningiomas

73
Q

What are the gross features of a benign tumor?

A

Small size
Slow growing
Encapsulated or well-demarcated borders

74
Q

What are the gross features of a malignant tumor?

A

Larger in size
Rapid growth
Necrosis and hemorrhage are commonly seen
Poorly demarcated

75
Q

What is the microscopic features of a benign tumor?

A
  1. Expansile growth with well-circumscribed borders
  2. Tend to be well differentiated
  3. Resemble the normal tissue counterpart from which they arise
  4. Noninvasive and never metastasize
76
Q

What is the microscopic features of a malignant tumor?

A
  1. Vary from well to poorly (anaplastic) differentiated
  2. Tumor cells vary in size and shape (pleomorphism)
  3. Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios
  4. Nuclear hyperchromasia and prominent nucleoli
  5. High mitotic activity with abnormal mitotic figures
  6. Invasive growth pattern
  7. Has potential to metastasize
77
Q

What is the intermediate filament involved in carcinomas?

A

Keratin (expressed in all epithelial cells)

78
Q

What is the intermediate filament involved in sarcomas?

A

Vimentin (expressed in mesenchymal cells)

79
Q

What is the intermediate filament involved in uterine leimyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Desmin (expressed in muscle cells)

80
Q

What is the intermediate filament involved in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma?

A

Neurofilament (expressed in CNS and PNS neurons, neural crest derivatives)

81
Q

What is the intermediate filament involved in astrocytomas and ependymomas?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

expressed in glial cells

Pathology (Mine) (17 decks)

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