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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

hst-1 and int-2 Oncogenes

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Cancer of stomach, breast, bladder and melanoma
  • Fibroblast growth factor
  • Overexpression
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2
Q 
sis Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Astrocytoma
  • Platelet derived growth factor
  • Overexpression
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3
Q

erb-B1 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Small cell carcinoma of lung
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Overexpression
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4
Q

erb-B2 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Breast, ovary and lung
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2-neu)
  • Amplification
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5
Q

erb-B3 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Breast
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor
  • Overexpression
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6
Q 
ret Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • MEN IIa and IIb, and familial thyroid (medullary) carcinoma
  • Glial neurotrophic factor receptor
  • Point mutation
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7
Q 
abl Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • CML and ALL
  • bcr-abl fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity
  • Translocation t(9;22)
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8
Q

Ki-ras Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Lung, pancreas and colon
  • GTP binding protein
  • Point mutation
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9
Q

C-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Translocation t(8;14)
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10
Q

L-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Small cell lung carcinoma of lung
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Amplification
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11
Q

N-myc Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Nuclear regulatory protein
  • Amplification
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12
Q

bcl-1 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Mantle cell lymphoma
  • Cyclin D protein
  • Translocation t(11;14)
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13
Q 
CDK4 Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Melanoma and glioblastoma multiforme
  • Cyclin dependent kinase
  • Amplification
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14
Q 
ALK Oncogene 
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Lung adenocarcinoma and anaplastic large cell lymphomas
  • Tyrosine kinase receptor
  • Translocation t(2;5)
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15
Q

Bcl-2 Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • Follicular and diffuse large B cell lymphomas
  • Anti-apoptotic protein
  • Translocation t(14;18)
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16
Q 
BRAF Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • B-Raf protein (serine/threonine-specific protein kinase)
  • Point mutation
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17
Q

c-KIT (CD117) Oncogene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation

A
  • GI stromal tumor (GIST)
  • Cytokine receptor
  • Activating mutations
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18
Q 
JAK2 Oncogene
(Associated tumor, Gene product, Mechanism of activation)
A
  • Chronic myeloproliferative disorders
  • Tyrosine kinase
  • Point mutation
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19
Q

APC Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
  • None
  • Chrom. 5
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20
Q

BRCA-1 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
  • DNA repair protein
  • Chrom. 17
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21
Q

BRCA-2 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Hereditary breast cancer
  • DNA repair protein
  • Chrom. 13
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22
Q

CDKN2A Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Melanoma and pancreatic cancer
  • p16 (blocks G1 to S phase transmission)
  • Chrom. 9
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23
Q

DCC Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Colon cancer
  • Deleted in Colon Cancer (its name is like that!!!)
  • Chrom. 18
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24
Q

DPC4 (SMAD4) Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer (its name is like that!!!)
  • Chrom. 18
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25
Q

MEN1 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • MEN I
  • Menin
  • Chrom. 11
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26
Q

NF1 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Neurofibromatosis type 1
  • Ras GTPase activating protein (neurofibromin)
  • Chrom. 17
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27
Q

NF2 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Neurofibromatosis type 2
  • Merlin (schwannomin) protein
  • Chrom. 22
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28
Q

PTEN Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer
  • Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)
  • Chrom. 10
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29
Q

Rb Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
  • Inhibits E2F (blocks G1 to S phase transmission)
  • Chrom. 13
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30
Q

TP53 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Most human cancers; Li-Fraumeni syndrome
  • p53 which activates p21 which blocks G1 to S phase transmission
  • Chrom. 17
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31
Q

TSC1 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Hamartin protein
  • Chrom. 9
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32
Q

TSC2 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Tuberin protein
  • Chrom. 16
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33
Q

VHL Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • von Hippel-Lindau disease and renal cell carcinoma
  • Inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a
  • Chrom. 3
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34
Q

WT1/WT2 Tumor suppressor gene

Associated tumor, Gene product, Chromosome number

A
  • Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
  • Transcription factor with 4 zinc fingers that plays an important role in normal development of urogenital system
  • Chrom. 11
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35
Q

Keratin (Intermediate Filament)

Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression

A
  • All epithelial cells

- Carcinomas

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36
Q

Vimentin (Intermediate Filament)

Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression

A
  • Mesenchymal cells

- Sarcomas

37
Q

Desmin (Intermediate Filament)

Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression

A
  • Muscle cells

- Uterine leiomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma

38
Q

Neurofilament (Intermediate Filament)

Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression

A
  • CNS and PNS neurons, and neural crest derivatives

- Pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma

39
Q

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Intermediate Filament)
(Normal tissue expression, Tumor expression)

A
  • Glial cells

- Astrocytomas and ependymomas

40
Q 
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (Tumor marker)
(Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Metastases to bone or liver
  • Paget disease of bone
  • Seminoma (placental ALP)
41
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Hepatoblastoma
  • Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
  • Mixed germ cell tumor
    Note: high levels in pregnancy is associated with neural tube and abdominal wall defects, while low levels is associated with Down syndrome
42
Q

Beta-hCG (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma (gestational trophoblastic disease)
  • Testicular cancer
  • Mixed germ cell tumor
    Note: produced by syncytiotrophoblasts of placenta
43
Q

CA 15-3/CA 27-29 (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A

Breast cancer

44
Q

CA 19-9 (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

45
Q 
CA 125 (Tumor marker)
(Associated tumor(s))
A

Ovarian cancer

46
Q

Calcitonin (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

47
Q

CEA (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen
  • Very non-specific, but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers
  • Also produced by gastric, breast, and medullary thyroid carcinomas
48
Q

PSA (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Prostate cancer

- BPH and prostatitis

49
Q

P-glycoprotein

A
  • Also known as multi-drug resistant protein 1 (MDR1)
  • Seen in adrenal cell carcinoma and other tumors
  • Pumps out toxin including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time)
50
Q 
Sarcomas metastases 
(Mechanism of spread)
A

Most of them spread hematogenously

51
Q 
Carcinomas metastases 
(Mechanism of spread)
A

Most of them spread via lymphatics except:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Renal cell carcinoma
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma
  • Choriocarcinoma
52
Q

Secondary metastasis to Brain

Primary tumor(s), Important notes

A
  • Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
  • 50% of brain tumors are from metastasis. Commonly seen as multiple well circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction
53
Q

Secondary metastasis to Liver

Primary tumor(s), Important notes

A
  • Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

- Liver and lung are the most common sites of metastasis after the regional lymph nodes

54
Q

Secondary metastasis to Bone

Primary tumor(s), Important notes

A
  • Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, and kidney
  • Bone metastasis are more more common than primary bone tumors. Metastasis from thyroid (lytic), kidney (lytic), prostate (blastic), breast (mixed), and lung (mixed)
55
Q

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus) (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Liver

- Hepatocellular carcinoma

56
Q 
Alkylating agents (Carcinogens)
(Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Blood

- Leukemia and lymphoma

57
Q 
Aromatic amines (e.g., benzidine, 2-naphthylamine) (Carcinogens)
(Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Dye makers and rubber workers
  • Bladder
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
58
Q

Arsenic (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Liver (angiosarcoma)
  • Lung (lung cancer)
  • Skin (SCC)
59
Q

Asbestos (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Lung

- Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

60
Q 
Carbon tetrachloride (Carcinogens)
(Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Dry cleaners
  • Liver
  • Centrilobular necrosis and fatty change
61
Q 
Cigarette smoke (Carcinogens)
(Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Bladder (Transitional cell carcinoma)
  • Cervix (Cervical carcinoma)
  • Esophagus (Squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma)
  • Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
  • Larynx (Squamous cell carcinoma)
  • Lung (Squamous cell and small cell carcinoma)
  • Pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
  • Blood (leukemia [AML] due to benzene component)
62
Q

Ethanol (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma)
  • Liver (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • Oropharynx and larynx cancers
63
Q 
Ionizing radiation (Carcinogens)
(Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Thyroid

- Papillary thyroid carcinoma

64
Q

Nitrosamines (Smoked foods) (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Stomach

- Gastric cancer

65
Q

Radon (Carcinogens)

Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Miners
  • Lung
  • Lung cancer (2nd leading cause after cigarette smoke)
66
Q 
Vinyl chloride (Carcinogens)
(Occupation, Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s))
A
  • Plastic industry (PVC)
  • Liver
  • Angiosarcoma
67
Q

Oncogenic Microbes

A
  • Bacteria: H. pylori (gastric cancer) and S. bovis (GI malignancies)
  • Viruses:
  • EBV (Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal, and thymic carcinoma)
  • Chronic HBV (Primary Hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • HCV (Primary Hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • HPV (Cervical carcinoma)
  • HTLV-1 (CD4+ T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)
  • HTLV-2 (Hairy cell leukemia)
  • HHV-8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
  • Fungi: Aspergillus (hepatocellular carcinoma)
  • Parasites: Clonorchis sinensis (hepatic cholangiocarcinoma) and Schistosoma haematobium (bladder squamous cell carcinoma)
68
Q

Psammoma bodies

Definition and Examples

A
  • Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification
  • Seen in:
  • Papillary thyroid carcinoma
  • Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
  • Meningioma
  • Malignant mesothelioma
69
Q

S-100 (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Melanoma
  • Neural tumors
  • Astrocytomas
70
Q

Bombesin (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Neuroblastoma

- Lung and gastric cancer

71
Q

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Tumor marker)

Associated tumor(s)

A

Hairy cell leukemia

72
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (Carcinogens)

Affected organ(s), Associated tumor(s)

A
  • Vagina

- Clear cell adenocarcinoma in offspring of mothers given the drug during pregnancy

73
Q 
Acanthosis nigricans (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Hyperpigmented velvety plaques in axilla and neck
  • Gastric adenocarcinoma and other visceral malignancies (but more commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance)
74
Q

Sign of Leser-Trelat (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Sudden onset of multiple seborrheic keratoses

- GI adenocarcinomas and other visceral malignancies

75
Q

Hypercalcemia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) (Squamous cell carcinomas of lung, head and neck, renal, bladder, breast, and ovaries)
  • TGF-alpha (Renal cell carcinoma)
  • TNF-alpha (Breast carcinoma)
  • IL-2 (Multiple myeloma)
  • Increased 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol) (Lymphoma)
76
Q 
Cushing syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Increased ACTH or ACTH-like peptide

- Small cell lung cancer

77
Q

Hyponatremia (SIADH) (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Increased ADH or atrial natriuretic peptide

- Small cell lung cancer and intracranial neoplasms

78
Q

Polycythemia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Increased erythropoietin

- Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and leiomyoma

79
Q

Pure red cell aplasia (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Anemia with low reticulocytes

- Thymoma

80
Q 
Good syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Hypogammaglobulinemia

- Thymoma

81
Q 
Trousseau syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis

- Adenocarcinomas (especially pancreatic)

82
Q

Non-bacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))

A
  • Deposition of sterile platelet thrombi on heart valves

- Adenocarcinomas (especially pancreatic)

83
Q

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Psychiatric disturbance, memory deficits, seizures, dyskinesias, autonomic instability, and language dysfunction
  • Ovarian teratoma
84
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))

A
  • “Dancing eyes, dancing feet”

- Neuroblastoma (children), and small cell lung cancer (adult)

85
Q

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))

A
  • Antibodies against Hu, Yo, and Tr antigens in Purkinje cells
  • Small cell lung cancer, gynecologic and breast cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma
86
Q 
Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Antibodies against Hu antigens in neurons

- Small cell lung cancer

87
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Antibodies against presynaptic (P/Q-type) Ca++ channels at NMJ
  • Small cell lung cancer and thymoma
88
Q 
Myasthenia gravis (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)
(Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s))
A
  • Antibodies against postsynaptic ACh receptors at NMJ

- Thymoma

89
Q

Acromegaly (Paraneoplastic Syndromes)

Description/Mechanism, Associated cancer(s)

A
  • Increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone
  • Carcinoid tumors and small cell lung cancer

Pathology (9 decks)

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