Miscellaneous Flashcards
Glycine
Hydrophobic, dominates collagen (hydroxyproline is the hallmark)
Alanine
Hydrophobic, gluconeogensis
Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
Hydrophobic, Maple syrup urine disease
Phenylalanine, Tyrosin
Hydrophobic (aromatic side chain), PKU & catecolamines precursors
Tryptophan
Hydrophobic (aromatic side chain), serotonin or niacin or melanin synthesis
Lysine & Arginine
Hydrophilic (+), histones
Lysine
Hydrophilic (+), hydroxylysine (fibroblasts)
Arginine
Hydrophilic (+), urea precursor
Histidine
Hydrophilic (weak +), active site of all enzymes, also in histamine
Aspartate
Hydrophilic (-), urea cycle
Glutamate
Hydrophilic (-), GABA
Asparagine
Hydrophilic (no charge), N-glycosylation
Glutamine
Hydrophilic (no charge), carrier of blood ammonia
Cysteine
Hydrophilic (no charge), disulfide dimers
Methionine
Hydrophilic (no charge), methyl donor
Serine, Threonine
Hydrophilic (no charge), O-glycosylation
Personality disorders
Cluster A: odd or eccentric
Paranoid, schizoid, & schizotypal
Personality disorders
Cluster B: dramatic or emotional
Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, & antisocial
Personality disorders
Cluster C: anxious or fearful
Avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, & dependent
Confidence interval (CI)
- If 95% CI for a mean difference between 2 variables includes 0, there is no significance & H0 is not rejected
- If 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1, H0 is not rejected
- If CIs between 2 groups don’t overlap, significant difference exists
- If CIs between 2 groups overlap, no significant difference exists
Case-control study
- Asks “What happened?”
- Observational & retrospective
- Odds ratio
Cohort study
- Asks “Who will develop the disease?” or “Who developed the disease?” [exposed vs. nonexposed]
- Observational & prospective or retrospective
- Relative risk
Cross-sectional study
- Asks “What’s happening?”
- Observational
- Disease prevalence
Clinical trial
- Phase I: small number of healthy volunteers (assesses safety, toxicity, & pharmacokinetics)
- Phase II: small number of patients (assesses Rx efficacy, optimal dosing, & adverse effects)
- Phase III: Large number of patients assigned randomly to the new Rx & the old Rx [or placebo] (comparison)
- Phase IV: post marketing surveillance trial of patients after approval (detects rare or long-term adverse effects)
Substrate level phosphorylation
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase (glycolysis)
- PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (glycolysis)
- Succinyl Co-A to succinate by succinyl Co-A synthatase
Enzymes that’s need ATP, biotin, & CO2
- Pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)
- Propionyl Co-A carboxylase (propionate metabolism)
- Acetyl Co-A carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis)
Obligate activator
- N-acetylglutamate for carbamoyl phosphate synthatase I (urea cycle)
- Acetyl Co-A for pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)
Enzymes that are need the following:
- Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
- Lipoic acid
- Coenzyme A (Co-A) from pantothenate
- FAD(H2) from riboflavin
- NAD(H) from niacin
- Transketolase (hexose monophosphate shunt)
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis)
- Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (citric acid cycle)
- Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (metabolism of valine, leucine, & isoleucine)
