Miscellaneous

Question 1

Glycine

Answer 1

Hydrophobic, dominates collagen (hydroxyproline is the hallmark)

Question 2

Alanine

Answer 2

Hydrophobic, gluconeogensis

Question 3

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

Answer 3

Hydrophobic, Maple syrup urine disease

Question 4

Phenylalanine, Tyrosin

Answer 4

Hydrophobic (aromatic side chain), PKU & catecolamines precursors

Question 5

Tryptophan

Answer 5

Hydrophobic (aromatic side chain), serotonin or niacin or melanin synthesis

Question 6

Lysine & Arginine

Answer 6

Hydrophilic (+), histones

Question 7

Lysine

Answer 7

Hydrophilic (+), hydroxylysine (fibroblasts)

Question 8

Arginine

Answer 8

Hydrophilic (+), urea precursor

Question 9

Histidine

Answer 9

Hydrophilic (weak +), active site of all enzymes, also in histamine

Question 10

Aspartate

Answer 10

Hydrophilic (-), urea cycle

Question 11

Glutamate

Answer 11

Hydrophilic (-), GABA

Question 12

Asparagine

Answer 12

Hydrophilic (no charge), N-glycosylation

Question 13

Glutamine

Answer 13

Hydrophilic (no charge), carrier of blood ammonia

Question 14

Cysteine

Answer 14

Hydrophilic (no charge), disulfide dimers

Question 15

Methionine

Answer 15

Hydrophilic (no charge), methyl donor

Question 16

Serine, Threonine

Answer 16

Hydrophilic (no charge), O-glycosylation

Question 17

Personality disorders

Cluster A: odd or eccentric

Answer 17

Paranoid, schizoid, & schizotypal

Question 18

Personality disorders

Cluster B: dramatic or emotional

Answer 18

Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, & antisocial

Question 19

Personality disorders

Cluster C: anxious or fearful

Answer 19

Avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, & dependent

Question 20

Confidence interval (CI)

Answer 20

• If 95% CI for a mean difference between 2 variables includes 0, there is no significance & H0 is not rejected
• If 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1, H0 is not rejected
• If CIs between 2 groups don’t overlap, significant difference exists
• If CIs between 2 groups overlap, no significant difference exists

Question 21

Case-control study

Answer 21

• Asks “What happened?”
• Observational & retrospective
• Odds ratio

Question 22

Cohort study

Answer 22

• Asks “Who will develop the disease?” or “Who developed the disease?” [exposed vs. nonexposed]
• Observational & prospective or retrospective
• Relative risk

Question 23

Cross-sectional study

Answer 23

• Asks “What’s happening?”
• Observational
• Disease prevalence

Question 24

Clinical trial

Answer 24

• Phase I: small number of healthy volunteers (assesses safety, toxicity, & pharmacokinetics)
• Phase II: small number of patients (assesses Rx efficacy, optimal dosing, & adverse effects)
• Phase III: Large number of patients assigned randomly to the new Rx & the old Rx [or placebo] (comparison)
• Phase IV: post marketing surveillance trial of patients after approval (detects rare or long-term adverse effects)

Question 25

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 25

• 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase (glycolysis)
• PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (glycolysis)
• Succinyl Co-A to succinate by succinyl Co-A synthatase

Question 26

Enzymes that’s need ATP, biotin, & CO2

Answer 26

• Pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)
• Propionyl Co-A carboxylase (propionate metabolism)
• Acetyl Co-A carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis)

Question 27

Obligate activator

Answer 27

• N-acetylglutamate for carbamoyl phosphate synthatase I (urea cycle)
• Acetyl Co-A for pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)

Question 28

Enzymes that are need the following:

• Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
• Lipoic acid
• Coenzyme A (Co-A) from pantothenate
• FAD(H2) from riboflavin
• NAD(H) from niacin

Answer 28

• Transketolase (hexose monophosphate shunt)
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis)
• Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (citric acid cycle)
• Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (metabolism of valine, leucine, & isoleucine)