neoplasia

Question 1

5 x Strong circumstantial evidence suggesting a viral aetiology is available for

Answer 1

1. carcinoma of the nasopharynx
2. carcinoma of the liver
3. Burkitt’ s lymphoma
4. skin cancer
5. cervical cancer

Question 2

3 things make a cancer more sensitive to radiotherapy

Answer 2

1. oxygen hyperbaric oxygen is better ?enhanced radical killing
2. rapidly dividing cells (esp. if they’ re in G2)
3. if the cells are not specialized i.e. decreased level of specialization

Question 3

When complicated by the extensive metastatic spread, the following cancers characteristically cause hypercalcemia

Answer 3

1. lung
2. breast
3. kidney
4. T cell leukemia/lymphomas

Question 4

describe key events in sequence of metastatic process

Answer 4

1. clonal expansion, growth, diversification, angiogenesis
2. metastatic subclone
3. adhesion to and invasion of basement membrane
4. passage through the extracellular matrix
5. intravasation
6. interaction with host lymphoid cells and platelets
7. Tumour cell embolus
8. adhesion to basement membrane
9. extravasation
10. metastatic deposit
11. angiogenesis at the new site
12. growth

Question 5

Neoplasms in which thrombophlebitis migrans is a recognized complication include carcinoma of the

Answer 5

stomach

2. pancreas
3. kidney
4. lung

Question 6

3 things make a cancer more sensitive to radiotherapy

Answer 6

1. oxygen hyperbaric oxygen is better ?enhanced radical killing
2. rapidly dividing cells (esp. if they’ re in G2)
3. if the cells are not specialized i.e. decreased level of specialization

Question 7

4x tumor supressor genes

Answer 7

Rb gene, p53, HNPCC, BRCA I & II

Question 8

NEOPLASTIC GROWTH

4 phases of neoplasia

Answer 8

1. Transformation differentiation and anaplasia. Anaplasia is characterized by
   • Nuclear and cellular pleomorphism wide variation in the shape & size of cells and nuclei
   • Hyperchromatism
   • Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio approaching 1:1
   • Abundant mitoses lots of proliferative activities
   • Tumor giant cells contain a single large polyploidy nucleus or multiple nuclei; sometimes seen
2. Growth of the transformed cells some tumors grow faster than others reflects ?hormone sensitivity, ?GF
3. Invasion locally, involves breaching of ECM
4. Metastasis systemic invasion via blood, lymphatics or body cavities