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neoplasia 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most common types of cancer in women?

A
  1. breast
  2. lung
  3. bowel
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2
Q

what are the most common types of cancer in men?

A
  1. prostate
  2. lung
  3. bowel
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3
Q

what are the 4 most common cancers worldwide?

A
  1. lung
  2. femal breast
  3. bowel
  4. prostate
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4
Q

what are the most common cancers in children?

A
  1. leukaemia
  2. CNS tumour
  3. lymphomas
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5
Q

what are the different outcomes for cancer patients?

A
  • cure
  • remission
  • death
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6
Q

what is meant by the term cure in regards to cancer outcomes?

A

no traces of cancer after treatment and cancer will never come back (most cancers return within 5 years of treatment)

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7
Q

what is meant by the term remission in regards to cancer outcomes?

A

signs and symptoms of cancer are reduced (partially or completely)

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8
Q

what is cancer specific survival?

A

% of patients with a specific type and stage of cancer who have not died from their cancer during a certain period of time

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9
Q

what is relative survival?

A

% of cancer patients who have survived for a certain period of time after diagnosis compared to people who dont have cancer

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10
Q

what is disease free survival?

A

% of patients who have no signs of cancer during a certain period of time after treatment

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11
Q

what is the tumour stage?

A

standardised staging system across the world to describe solid tumours (not leukaemias):
TNM staging system
T = size of PRIMARY tumour (T1 = small, T2 = larger etc.)
N = extent of regional lymph node involvement (N0 = no lymph nodes, N1 = 1 lymph node etc.)
M = metastatic spread via blood (M0 = no metastasis, M1 = metastatic)

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12
Q

what are the 4 different tumour stages?

A
  1. stage 1 = early local disease
  2. stage 2 = advanced local disease
  3. stage 3 = regional metastasis
  4. stage 4 = advanced disease with distant metastasis
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13
Q

what is the ann arbor staging system?

A

determines the severity of a lymphoma:
Stage 1 = lymph nodes effected are on same side of diaphragm
Stage 3 = lymph nodes effected on different sides of diaphragm
Stage = spreads to other organs

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14
Q

what is the Duke staging system?

A

staging system specific to bowel cancer
Duke A = cancer is only just invading the bowel
Duke B = cancer has infiltrated muscle wall
Duke C = cancer has fully infiltrated and lymph node involvement
Duke D = metastises

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15
Q

what are the different grading stages?

A

G1 = well differentiated
G2 = moderately differentiated
G3 = poorly differentiated
G4 = undiferentiated or anaplastic

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16
Q

what are the different treatments for cancer?

A
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy
  • hormone therapy
  • treatments targeted to specific molecular alterations
  • immunotherapy
17
Q

what are adjuvant treatments?

A

treatment given after surgical removal of primary tumour to eliminate subclinical disease
(trying to mop up and rogue cells)

18
Q

what are neoadjuvant treatments?

A

treatment is given prior to surgical excision to reduce size of primary tumour

19
Q

what are the basic principles of radiation therapy?

A
  • kills proliferating cells by triggering apoptosis and interfering with mitosis
  • doesnt kill cancer cells immediately but has longer lasting affects
  • given in fractionated doses to minimise normal tissue damage
  • causes either direct damage or free radical damage which is detected by cell cycle checkpoints
20
Q

what are the types of radiation therapy?

A
  1. external beam radiotherapy - external machine aims radiation at cancer
  2. internal radiation therapy - source of radiation put in body:
    * local = radiation put inside tumour
    * systemic = radioactive iodine
21
Q

what are the basic principles of chemotherapy?

A
  • systemic treatment
  • kills cancer cells that have spread to other parts of body
  • used in isolation or with other chemotherapeutic agents
  • usually used with other cancer treatments
22
Q

what are differnet types of chemotherapy?

A
  • antimetabolites = mimic normal substrates involved in DNA replication
  • alkylating + platinum based drugs = cross link 2 strands of DNA helix causing damage
  • antibiotics = damage DNA
  • plant derived drugs = prevents spindle formation which stops DNA replication
23
Q

what are some consequences of chemotherapy?

A
  • hair loss
  • pain
  • mouth sores
  • weaken immune system
  • anaemia
  • stops platelet production - results in bleeding
24
Q

what is biomarker testing?

A
  • precision medicine
  • process to look for genes, proteins and biomarkers
  • therapies are then selected based on gene profiling
25
Q

what are hormone therapies and how do they work?

A

selective oesterogen receptor modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen
* bind to oestrogen receptors thus prevent oestrogen receptors to prevent oestrogen from binding
* used to treat hormone receptor positive breast cancer

26
Q

what are targeting oncogene drugs?

A

identifying cancers which have caused mutations in oncogenes allows us to use drugs which can target the specific cancer cells

27
Q

what are the basic principles of immunotherapy?

A
  • targets immune system to help it fight cancer
  • detects and destroys abnormal cells + prevents growth of cancers
  • tumours infiltrating the lymphocytes are a sign that the immune system is responding to the tumour
28
Q

what are the different types of immunotherapy?

A
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors = block immune checkpoints which allows immune cells to respond more strongly
  • T cell transfer therapy = boosts natural ability of T cells to fight cancer
  • Monoclonal antibodies = help immune system proteins to bind to specific targets on cancer cells - names usally end in -mab
  • Treatment vaccines = boost immune response against cancer cells (e.g. oncolytic virus therapy)
29
Q

what are tumour markers?

A

substances that are released by cancer cells into blood
these can be measured:
* to help diagnose
* measure tumour burden
* assess response to therapy
* assess recurrence

30
Q

What are the the side effects of tamoxifen?

A

Increased risk of endometrial cancer
Induces menopause

31
Q

What are some drugs which target oncogenes and what cancer are they used for?

A

Trastuzumab - for HER2 positive breast cancers
Imatinib - for leukaemias

PP (16 decks)

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