Cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

what determines the size of a cell population?

A

size of cell population depends on rate of:
* cell proliferation
* cell death

chemical signals from microenvironment either stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation

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2
Q

when is hyperplasia seen?

A

increased cell proliferation or decreased cell death

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3
Q

what regulates normal cell proliferation?

A

proto-oncogenes and tumour supresssor genes

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4
Q

what causes an increase in tissue growth?

A
  • shortening cell cycle
  • conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells by making them entre the cell cycle
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5
Q

what factors controls the tightly regulated cell cycle?

A

proteins called cyclins + associated enzymes called cycline dependent kinases (CDK’s)
CDK’s are activated once they bind to cyclins - forming cyclin-CDK complex
activated CDK’s drive the cell cycle by phosphorylating proteins

(cyclin-CDK complex is regulated by CDK inhibitors)

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6
Q

what is the importance of the reinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) protein?

A

protein acts to prevent DNA replication
it is inactivated by phosphorylation with the cyclin D/CDK4 complex

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7
Q

what is meant by the term cell adaptation?

A

state between a normal unstressed cell and an overstressed injured cell

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of cell adaptation?

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
  3. atrophy - cell becomes smaller
  4. metaplasia - cell is replaced by a different type of cell
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9
Q

in which cell populations can hyperplasia occur?

A

hyperplasia occurs in response to increased demand or in response to external stimulation (only occurs in labile or stable tissue)
1. labile cells - continuously dividing cells (e.g. skin)
2. stable cells - low level of replication but can undergo rapid periods when stimulated (e.g. liver, smooth muscle)

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of physiological hyperplasia?

A
  1. hormonal - when result is an increase in functional capacity
  2. compensatory - when result is an increase in tissue mass after tissue damage
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11
Q

in which cells populations can hypertrophy occur?

A
  1. permanent cells (most common) - cant replicate
  2. labile cells
  3. stable cells
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12
Q

what is the differnce between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?

A

Physiological: exercise
* increased demand
* increased protein synthesis and muscle fibre formation
* increased force of contraction
* increased SV

Pathological: response to hypertension or valvular disease
* the muscle mass and size increases
* but capillaries dont increase so they cant meet metabolic needs which results in hypoxia and ischaemia

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13
Q

what is the difference between physiological and pathological atrophy?

A

Physiological: decrease in size of uterus after birth

Pathological: different examples
* atrophy of disues - caused by decreased workload
* atrophy of denervation - caused by loss of innervation
* cenile atrophy - caused by inadequated blood supply to brain - causes widening of gyri and deepening of sulci
* pressure atrophy
* immunological mechanisms

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14
Q

what is metaplasia?

A
  • reversible change
  • one differentiated cell is replaced by another cell type (due to stem cells in tissue reprogramming)
  • often an adaptive response - new cells are better adapted to new environment
  • doesnt occur in adult striated muscle cells or neurones
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15
Q

which tissue often shows metaplasia?

A

common in epithelial tissue:
* columnar epithelia (fragile) replaced by squamous (more resilient)

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16
Q

what is the difference between metaplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia?

A
  • metaplasia - fully differentiated
  • dysplasia - disorganised and abnormal differentiation, potentially reversible
  • neoplasia - disorganised and abnormal differntiation, irreversible
17
Q

what is Barrett’s Oesophagus?

A

type of metaplasia which occurs as a result of excessive amounts of acid refulx
a change from non-secreting squamous epithelia to secreting epithelial or glands occurs

18
Q

what is traumatic myositis ossificans?

A
  • metaplasia which describes the change of connective tissue to bone
  • occurs when fibroblast in muscles are changed to osteoblasts
  • can be reversible
19
Q

what is aplasia?

A

complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

20
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

congenital underdevelopment of an organ or tissue
(not the opposite of hyperplasia since hypoplasia is congenital)

21
Q

what is atresia?

A

congenital imperforation of an opening

22
Q

what is reconstitution?

A

replacement of a lost part of body

23
Q

what is involution?

A

normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

24
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

the abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue