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Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

Process of tumor formation

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2
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

“New growth” Cells originally derived from normal tissues have undergone heritable genetic changes. Unresponsive to normal growth controls and expand beyond normal boundaries

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3
Q

Define Oncology

A

Study of tumors

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of a neoplasm?

A
  • Parenchymal - Stroma
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5
Q

What is the Stroma made up from?

A

Connective tissue AND blood vessels

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6
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Formation & development of collagen-rich fibrous connective tissue stroma

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7
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of cells

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8
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

When one adult cell type is changed to another.

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9
Q

Define Dysplasia

A

Proliferation of cells and change in morphology of those cells

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10
Q

If you see hyperplasia, does it mean a tumor will develop?

A

No, just monitor the tumor. As it has potential to grow.

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11
Q

Does Atypical Hyperplasia have a good prognosis?

A

Yes, but you would want to remove it asap because you do not want the growth to progress

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12
Q

What kind of prognosis does Carcinoma In Situ have?

A

Good prognosis. It hasn’t infiltrated the basement membrane yet.

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13
Q

Define Carcinoma in Situ

A

Malignant in organ, but is confined w/in the basement membrane

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14
Q

Invasive is when the growth has penetrated the _______ ________.

A

Cell membrane

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15
Q

Give an example of metaplasia:

A

Smokers - lose function of their mucociliary escalator and cells are replaced with squamous cells.

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16
Q

Metaplasia: reversible change OR irreversible change?

A

REVERSIBLE change

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17
Q

Often epithelium changes to _______ epithelium.

A

Squamous

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18
Q

Epithelium changes to squamous epithelium in p with ___________ and p who ________.

A
  • Vit. A deficiency - Smoke
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19
Q

Dysplasia aka

A

Carcinoma in situ

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20
Q

In Dysplasia/carcinoma in situ:

A
  • Entire epithelium is replaced by Dysplasia cells - Still have basement membrane intact - No orderly differentiation of squamous cells
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21
Q

There are different classifications of tumors.

A
  • Mesenchymal tumors - Epithelial tumors - Undifferentiated tumors - Mixed tumors
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22
Q

Mesenchymal tumor orgin is….

A

Mesoderm orgin

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23
Q

Benign mesenchymal tumor suffix:

A

“oma”

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24
Q

Malignant mesenchymal tumor suffix:

A

“sarcoma”

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25
Is a lymphoma malignant or benign?
MALIGNANT!
26
Epithelial tumor orgin is...
endoderm / ectoderm orgin
27
Benign epithelial tumor:
- Papilloma - Polyp
28
Papilloma
Growth from an epithelial surface
29
Polyp
Projects from mucosal surface
30
Nomenclature: Benign bone tumor
Osteoma
31
Nomenclature: Malignant bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
32
Malignant epithelial tumor:
Carcinoma
33
Explain the nomenclature on malignant epithelial tumors
Add organ of orgin Does it arise from glandular structures? Does it induce desmoplasia? Does it produce mucin?
34
Example of a malignant epithelial tumor that arises from glandular structures:
Adenocarcinoma--- it is a glandular structure that could be releasing hormones
35
Is Carcinoma in situ Malignant?
YES! Just hasn't broken through basement membrane yet
36
What is an adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the thyroid
37
Are most Undifferentiated Tumors benign or malignant?
MALIGNANT
38
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tumors: have become so different from the cell of orgin, you are unable to tell what the orgin is. Prognosis is poor.
UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMOR
39
Mixed Tumors:
Multiple cell types derived from a single or multiple germ cell layers
40
The following are examples of ________ Tumors: - Mammary tumors in dogs - Teratomas - Nephroblastomas
MIXED TUMORS
41
Mixed mammary tumors in dogs can either benign or malignant. T or F?
TRUE. \> 50% are benign
42
Teratomas:
- Totipotent germ cells - Have tissues from all embryonic cell layers - Teeth / hair / bone etc can be found in tumor
43
Teratomas are most frequently found in what organ of what species?
Testicles of HORSES
44
To find out if a tumor is benign or malignant, what do you need to do?
Histology
45
4 things that you need to consider when differentiating benign and malignant
- differentiation / anaplasia - rate of growth - local invasion - presence of metastasis
46
What is meant by differentiation / anaplasia?
The extent that it resembles the normal parenchymal cells
47
Benign tumor will have _____ differentiated cells
WELL differentiated cells
48
Malignant tumor will have ______ differentiated cells
Can have well differentiated OR completely undifferentiated cells
49
Anaplasia is characterized by:
- pleomorphism (not uniform shape) - abnormal nuclear morphology - high mitosis rate - loss of polarity
50
Is Anaplasia a hallmark characteristic of malignancy?
NO!
51
Growth rate correlates with...
Level of differentiation
52
A malignant tumor grows ______ than a benign tumor.
FASTER
53
A bending tumor grows _____ than a malignant tumor.
SLOWER
54
- Rate of cell proliferation & - Rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Are the main mechanisms of Growth Rate
55
Many neoplasms arise because of alterations in the necrosis pathway. T or F?
FALSE! Neoplasms arise b/c or alterations in the APOPTOTIC pathway!!
56
Does local invasion look well demarcated?
In a malignant tumor, demarcations will be hard to see.
57
Malignant tumors are infiltrative and invade & destroy surrounding tissue. What kind of pattern is this?
CRAB LIKE
58
Crab like pattern =
CANCER / Malignant
59
Cancer cells characterized by autonomous behavior and unchecked proliferation. This means...
They no longer respond to their environment
60
Metastases are tumor implants discontinues with the ___________ tumor.
Primary tumor
61
What is the HALL MARK OF MELIGNANCY??
Presence / Absence of Metastasis
62
The more aggressive and more rapidly a tumor grows and the larger it is, it is more likely to ........
metastasize
63
Are mammary carcinomas (malignant) more common in CATS or DOGS?
CATS
64
Pedunculated peritoneal lipomas: Malignant or benign?
BENIGN --- just a tumor of fat
65
Why do we care about pedunculated peritoneal lipomas?
B/c they can become very large and twist. And as a result of decreased perfusion = NECROSIS HORSES!!!!
66
What are the different pathways of spread?
- Transcoelomic spread - Lymphatic spread - Hematogenous spread
67
Transcoelomic spread:
Seeding of body cavities and surfaces
68
Lymphatic spread:
First metastasize @ lymphatic, then into systemic circulation
69
Hematogenous spread:
Blood.
70
Primary CARCINOMAS spread via...
LYMPHATICS
71
Primary SARCOMAS spread via...
HEMATOGENOUS
72
Metastatic Cascade:
1- loss of caderhin & catenin function 2- interim & other receptors bind to ECM components 3- degradation of BM and ECM (increase protease activity) 4- migration
73
What is the first step of the metastatic cascade?
loss of caderhin & catenin function
74
Tumor heterogeneity
Generated during the growth of the tumor \> accumulation of the heritable changes in tumor cells
75
Generation of subclones:
Tumor heterogeneity
76
What is this called?
Dysplasia aka Carcinoma in situ
77
Is this tumor benign or malignant?
BENIGN
78
What is this? What species is it commonin? How does it spread?
Gastric Carcinoma Horses Transcoelomic \> peritoneal carcinoma
79
What is this and how does it spread?
Hepatocellular carcinomas metastasis via transcoelomic spreading
80
Is this benign or malignant?
MALIGNANT
81
What is this showing? What species is this most common in? How does it spread?
Mammary Carcinoma in a cat Spreads via lymphatics
82
Since this is nodular looking....Is this a neoplasm or inflammation?
Neoplasm: meningioma there is no exudate present, defined solid lesion
83
What is this showing?
Metaplasia
84
What is this? How does it spread?
Metastatic mammary carcimona Spread via lymphatics
85
Kidney from a pig. What is the most likely tumor it could be? Tissue of origin? Benign or malignant? Also seen in thoracolumbar junction of the spinal cord in what species?
Nephroblastoma Renal Orgin / metanephric blastoma benign German Shepherds
86
What is this? Can it cause necrosis?
Pedunculated peritoneal lipomas yes - is twists mesentary
87
What are these? Where are they most commonly seen?
Teratomas Equine testicles
88

My Pathology 1 (4 decks)

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