Neoplasia

Question 1

Bladder carcinoma

Answer 1

Malignant
DUE TO 2-NAPTHYLAMINE (found in dye)
- activated and deactivated in the liver
- reactivated and stored in bladder

Question 2

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 2

Malignant
DUE TO HEP B/C
Chronic inflammation –> increase chance

A-FETOPROTEIN RELEASED

Question 3

Malignant mesothelioma

Answer 3

Malignant
DUE TO ASBESTOS
Cancer of plaura surrounding lungs

Question 4

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 4

Malignant
Cancer of connective tissue
DUE TO HERPES VIRUS 8 (if already have HIV)

Question 5

Prostate cancer

Answer 5

Malignant
Good survival

RELEASE PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

Question 6

Cervical cancer

Answer 6

Malignant 
DUE TO HPV
- inhibits apoptosis
- cells speed through cell cycle
- activate telemorase

Question 7

Breast carcinoma

Answer 7

Malignant 
Treated with hormone therapy if receptor +ve
Blood Richardson grading
- tubule formation
- nuclear variation
- nuclear division

Question 8

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 8

Malignant 
Destruction of lymphocytes
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cell (large, moth eaten multi nucleotide) 
Stage 1- 1 lymph node
Stage 2- >2 same side of diaphragm 
Stage 3- >2 both sides of diaphragm 
Stage 4- everywhere

Question 9

Oesophageal carcinoma

Answer 9

Malignant
Serious but uncommon
- Difficult to swallow
- Weight loss

Question 10

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Answer 10

Malignant 
Huge overproduction of WBCs
Decrease RBCs and platelets
- anaemia 
- inability to clot

Question 11

Ovarian cancer

Answer 11

Malignant

RELEASE CA-125

Question 12

Endometrial cancer (uterus)

Answer 12

Malignant
Increase risk- tamoxifen
Decrease risk- contraceptive pill

Question 13

Bronchial squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 13

Malignant
Lungs
Releases PTHrb–>herpercalcaemia–>osteoporosis

Question 14

Colorectal carcinoma

Answer 14

Malignant
Bowel
Increase risk- ULCERATIVE COLLITIS
–> bowel obstruction

Question 15

Osteosarcoma

Answer 15

Malignant
Bone cancer
Aggressive
Pathological fractures

Question 16

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Answer 16

Malignant 
Cancer of lymphocyte progenitor cells
- overproduction of bB lymphocytes
   Deposition in blood stream
- anaemia
-fatal infections

Question 17

(Multiple) myeloma

Answer 17

Malignant
Cancer of plasma cells (produce antibodies)
–> bone lesions–> hypercalcaeimia

Question 18

Seminoma

Answer 18

Malignant

Tumour of tesitcles

Question 19

Angiosarcoma

Answer 19

Malignant
Tumour of endothelial lining of vessels (lymph and blood)
Rapid metastasis

Question 20

Melanoma

Answer 20

Malignant
Cancer of melanocytes
Better prognosis- not invaded basement membrane

Question 21

Carcinoma of pancreas

Answer 21

Malignant
Exocrine part of pancreas
-weight loss
- jaundice
- abdominal pain
Normally has metastasised by the time the symptoms have been associated to this

Question 22

Lung cancer (pulmonary carcinoma)

Answer 22

Malignant
Maetastasises through blood or pleural cavity
DUE TO SMOKING
- haemoptysis (cough up blood)
- chest pain

Question 23

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 23

Malignant
Not as common as BCC
More aggressive
DUE TO UV LIGHT

Question 24

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

Answer 24

Malignant
Rarely metastasises
Most common skin cancer
Often on face

Question 25

Gastric cancer

Answer 25

Mostly gastric CARCINOMAS (occur on endothelial lining of stomach)
DUE TO H. PYLORI (–> inflammation)

Question 26

Astrocytoma

Answer 26

Benign or Malignant
Tumour of Astrocyts (large type of glial cell make up BBB)
Occur anywhere in CNS
Cause unknown

Question 27

Testicular cancer

Answer 27

Malignant
RELEASES BETA-HCG
Treatment: remove

Question 28

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Answer 28

Actually HYPERPLASTIC not hypertrophic
–> enlarged prostate
Pressing on urethra- stops urination

Question 29

Uterine leiomyoma

Answer 29

Benign (firm and pale)
aka. Uterine fibroids
Tumour arises from SMOOTH MUSCLE cells
-- see spindle fibres
Heavy periods
Painful sex
Women have hysterectomies cause of it

Question 30

Mature cystic teratoma of ovary

Answer 30

Benign
Many germ cell layer derivateves
-muscle
- teeth
- hair
- skin

Question 31

Struma ovarii

Answer 31

Benign ovarian neoplasm

• contains thyroid tissue
• produce excess T3/4
• -> hypercalcaemia

Question 32

Lipoma

Answer 32

Benign

Adipose tissue

Question 33

Carcinoid tumour

Answer 33

Benign
Neuronendocrine tumour
Found in gut/lung
RELEASES SERATONIN
--> carcinoid syndrome (array of symptoms)

Question 34

Parathyroid adenoma

Answer 34

Benign
Of parathyroid gland
RELEASES PTH
-> hypercalceamia
     Phosphate deficiency
     Pathological fractures 
     Kidney stones
Treat: parathyroidectomy

Question 35

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Answer 35

Hereditary
Numerous polyps
Turn cancerous if not treated
Error in APC gene (TS gene that interacts with e-cadherin)

Question 36

Retinoblastoma

Answer 36

Hereditary
Cancer of retina cells
Mutated RB gene (a TS gene)

Question 37

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 37

Hereditary
Inability to perform excision DNA repair
-vunrebility to UV 
--> MALIGNANT MELANOMA
      SKIN CANCER

Question 38

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Answer 38

Hereditary
Problems with mismatch repair
–> COLON CANCER

Question 39

Burkitts lymphoma

Answer 39

Malignant
Destruction of B lymphocytes

DUE TO EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS

Question 40

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 40

Noradrenaline secreting
Tumour of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
DetecTed by levels on vanillymandelic acid in urine (breakdown product of noradrenaline)
-excessive sympathetic activation
Sweating
Tachycardia
Treat: a-methyl-tyrosine (inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase)