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First Aid Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplastic Progression

A

Normal → Hyperplasia → Carcinoma in situ → Invasive Carcinoma → Metastasis

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2
Q

“seed and soil” theory

A

metastasis

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3
Q

Cells that help invade basement membrane

A

invasive carcinoma - collagenases and hydrolases

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4
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)

expressed by some cancer cells to pump out chemotx

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5
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increased # of cells

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6
Q

Metaplasia

A

1 adult cell type is replaced by another

Barret esophagus or smoking induced

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7
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size

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8
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of structural differentiation and fx of cells, resembling primitive cells of same tissue

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9
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm (Ex linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer)

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10
Q

TMN Staging

A

Tumor Size, Node Involvement, Metastasis

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11
Q

Carcinoma

A

epithelial origin

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12
Q

Sarcoma

A

mesenchymal origin

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13
Q

Adenoma and papilloma

A

Benign epithlial cancer

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14
Q

Adenocarcinoma and Papillary Carcinoma

A

Malignant Epithelial Cancer

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15
Q

Leukemia and Lymphoma

A

Malignant Blood cell cancer (mesenchymal in origin)

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16
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign Blood Vessel cancer

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17
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Malignant Blood Vessel cancer

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18
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign Smooth Muscle cancer

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19
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant Smooth Muscle Cancer

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20
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign striated muscle cancer

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21
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant striated muscle cancer

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22
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign CT cancer

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23
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant CT cancer

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24
Q

Osteoma

A

benign bone cancer

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25
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant bone cancer

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26
Q

lipoma

A

Benign fat cancer

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27
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant Fat Cancer

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28
Q

Cachexia

A

Wt loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue in chronic disease like cancer, AIDS, heart failure, TB
mediated by TNF-alpha (cachectin), IFN-gamma, IL-6

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29
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

Associated with visceral malignancy

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30
Q

actinic keratosis

A

Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of skin

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31
Q

AIDS

A

Associated with aggressive malignant lymphomas(non-Hodgkin) and Kaposi

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32
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

Associated with Lymphoma

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33
Q

Barrett esophagus

A

Associated with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

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34
Q

Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postSx gastric remnants

A

Associated with Gastric Adenocarcinoma

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35
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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36
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Associated with Small Cell Lung carcinoma

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37
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

Associated with Lung Cancer

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38
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Associated with ALL, AML

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39
Q

Dysplastic Nevus

A

Associated with Malignant Melanoma

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40
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Associated with Squamous cell lung cancer

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41
Q

Immunodeficiency States

A

Associated with Malignant lymphomas

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42
Q

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

A

Associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer

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43
Q

Myasthenia gravis, pure RBC aplasia

A

Associated with Thymoma

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44
Q

Paget Disease of Bone

A

Associated with secondary osetosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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45
Q

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (decreased iron)

A

Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

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46
Q

Polycythemia

A

Associated with renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma

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47
Q

Radiation exposure

A

Associated with leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer

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48
Q

SIADH

A

Associated with small cell lung cancer

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49
Q

Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, intellectual disability)

A

Associated with Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma

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50
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Associated with colonic adenocarcinoma

51
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism

A

Associated with melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and esp squamous cell carcinomas of skin

52
Q

BCR-ABL

A

makes tyrosine kinase, associated with CML, ALL

53
Q

bcl-2

A

an anti-apoptotic molecule

associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas

54
Q

BRAF

A

serine/threonine kinase

associated with melanoma

55
Q

c-kit

A

cytokine receptor for stem cell factor

associated with GI stromal tumor

56
Q

c-myc

A

Transcription factor

associated with Burkitt lymphoma

57
Q

HER2/neu

A

Tyrosine Kinase

Associated with breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas

58
Q

L-myc

A

Transcription factors

associated with Lung Tumor

59
Q

N-myc

A

Transcription factor

associated with Neuroblastoma

60
Q

ras

A

GTPase

associated with colon cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer

61
Q

ret

A

tyrosine kinase

associated with MEN 2A and 2B

62
Q

APC

A

colorectal cancer (associated with familial adenopolypoptosis)

63
Q

BRCA1

A

a DNA repair protein

breast and ovarian cancer

64
Q

BRCA2

A

a DNA repair protein

breast and ovarian cancer

65
Q

CPD4/SMAD4

A

makes DPC - deleted in pancreatic cancer

66
Q

DCC

A

makes DCC - deleted in colon cancer

67
Q

MEN1

A

MEN type 1

68
Q

NF1

A

makes RAS GTPase activating protein (neurofibromin)

associated with neurofibromatosis 1

69
Q

NF2

A 
makes Merlin (schwannomin) protein
associated with neurofibromatosis 2
70
Q

p16

A

makes CDK inhibitor 2A

associated with melanoma

71
Q

p53

A

makes transcription factor for p21, blocks G1 → S phase

associated with most human cancers and LiFraumeni Syndrome

72
Q

PTEN

A

breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer

73
Q

Rb

A

inhibits E2F, blocks G1 → S phase

associated with retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

74
Q

TSC1

A

makes Hamartin protein

associated with Tuberous Sclerosis

75
Q

TSC2

A

makes Tuberin Protein

associated with Tuberous Sclerosis

76
Q

VHL

A

inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a

associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease

77
Q

WT1 and WT2

A

Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)

78
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase

A

Tumor marker for: metastases to bone, liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma (placental ALP)

79
Q

Alpha-Fetoprotein

A

Tumor marker for: hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac (endometrial sinus) tumor, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor

80
Q

beta-hCG

A

Tumor marker for: hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas (Gestational trophoblastic disease), testicular cancer
Also commonly associated with pregnancy

81
Q

CA-15-3/CA-27-29

A

Tumor marker for: Breast Cancer

82
Q

CA-19-9

A

Tumor marker for: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

83
Q

CA-125

A

Tumor marker for: Ovarian cancer

84
Q

Calcitonin

A

Tumor marker for: medullary thyroid carcinoma

85
Q

CEA

A

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen

Tumor marker for: lots of cancers but is very non specific

86
Q

PSA

A

Tumor marker for: prostate adenocarcinoma

can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis

87
Q

S-100

A

Tumor marker for: tumors with neural crest origin

melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, Langerhan cell histiocytosis

88
Q

TRAP

A

Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Tumor marker for: Hairy Cell Leukemia a B cell neoplasm

89
Q

EBV associated cancers

A

Burkitt Lymphoma, HL, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma

90
Q

HBV and HCV associated cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

91
Q

HHV-8 associated cancer

A

Kaposi sarcoma, body caivity fluid filled B-cell lymphoma

92
Q

HPV associated cancer

A

cervical and penile/anal carcinoma (16, 18)

head, neck or throat cancer

93
Q

H. pylori associated cancer

A

Gastric Adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

94
Q

HTLV-1 associated cancer

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

95
Q

Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) associated cancer

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

96
Q

Schistosoma haematobium associated cancer

A

Bladder Cancer (squamous cell)

97
Q

Aflatoxin

A

From Aspergillus

affect liver and causes hepatocellular carcinoma

98
Q

Alkylating agents

A

affects blood and causes leukemia/lymphoma

99
Q

Aromatic Amines (Benzidine and 2-naphthylamine)

A

affects bladder and cause transitional cell carcinoma

100
Q

Arsenic

A

Affects:
liver - angiosarcoma
lung - lung cancer
skin - squamous cel carcinoma

101
Q

Asbestos

A

affects lung and more likely to cause bronchogenic carcinoma than mesothelioma

102
Q

Carbon tetrachloride

A

affects liver can causes centrilobular necrosis and fatty change

103
Q

Cigarrette Smoke

A

causes: transitional cell carcinoma, SCC/adenocarcinoma of esophagus, renal cell carcinoma, SCC of larynx, SCC and small cell carcinoma of lung, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma

104
Q

Ethanol

A

Affect the liver and can cause hepatocellular carcinoma

105
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

affects thyroid and causes papilary thyroid carcinoma

106
Q

Nitrosamine (smoked foods)

A

affects stomach and can cause gastric cancer

107
Q

Radon

A

affects lung and is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after smoking

108
Q

Vinyl Chloride

A

affects the lungs and can cause angiosarcoma

109
Q

Cancer Associated with: calcitriol

A

causes hypercalcemia and is associated with NHL and hodgkin lymphoma

110
Q

Cancer Associated with: ACTH

A

causes Cushing Syndrome and is associated with small cell lung carcinoma

111
Q

Cancer Associated with: ADH

A

causes SIADH and is associated with small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms

112
Q

Cancer Associated with: Lambert-Eaton

A

Small cell lung carcinoma

113
Q

Cancer Associated with: Erythropoetin

A

causes polycythemia, associated with renal cell carcinoma, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, leiomyoma, and pheochromocytoma

114
Q

Cancer Associated with:PTHrP

A

causes hypercalcemia and is associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer

115
Q

Psammoma Bodies are seen in which cancers?

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma

116
Q

Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules

A

psammoma bodies

117
Q

cancer with #1 cause of death

A

Lung cancer

118
Q

Most common cancer in males

A

prostate

119
Q

Most common cancer in females

A

breast

120
Q

Tumors that metastasize to the brain

A

Lung > Breast > GU> Osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
remember that 50% of brain tumors are from metastases
seen as multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter jx

121
Q

Tumors that metastasize to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

122
Q

Tumors that metastasize to Bone

A

Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

123
Q

Most basic Girl Scout cookie

A

Trefoils

First Aid Pathology (2 decks)

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