Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
Neoplastic Progression
A
Normal → Hyperplasia → Carcinoma in situ → Invasive Carcinoma → Metastasis
2
Q
“seed and soil” theory
A
metastasis
3
Q
Cells that help invade basement membrane
A
invasive carcinoma - collagenases and hydrolases
4
Q
P-glycoprotein
A
multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
expressed by some cancer cells to pump out chemotx
5
Q
Hyperplasia
A
increased # of cells
6
Q
Metaplasia
A
1 adult cell type is replaced by another
Barret esophagus or smoking induced
7
Q
Dysplasia
A
Abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size
8
Q
Anaplasia
A
Loss of structural differentiation and fx of cells, resembling primitive cells of same tissue
9
Q
Desmoplasia
A
Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm (Ex linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer)
10
Q
TMN Staging
A
Tumor Size, Node Involvement, Metastasis
11
Q
Carcinoma
A
epithelial origin
12
Q
Sarcoma
A
mesenchymal origin
13
Q
Adenoma and papilloma
A
Benign epithlial cancer
14
Q
Adenocarcinoma and Papillary Carcinoma
A
Malignant Epithelial Cancer
15
Q
Leukemia and Lymphoma
A
Malignant Blood cell cancer (mesenchymal in origin)
16
Q
Hemangioma
A
Benign Blood Vessel cancer
17
Q
Angiosarcoma
A
Malignant Blood Vessel cancer
18
Q
Leiomyoma
A
Benign Smooth Muscle cancer
19
Q
Leiomyosarcoma
A
Malignant Smooth Muscle Cancer
20
Q
Rhabdomyoma
A
Benign striated muscle cancer
21
Q
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A
Malignant striated muscle cancer
22
Q
Fibroma
A
Benign CT cancer
23
Q
Fibrosarcoma
A
Malignant CT cancer
24
Q
Osteoma
A
benign bone cancer
25
osteosarcoma
malignant bone cancer
26
lipoma
Benign fat cancer
27
Liposarcoma
Malignant Fat Cancer
28
Cachexia
Wt loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue in chronic disease like cancer, AIDS, heart failure, TB
mediated by TNF-alpha (cachectin), IFN-gamma, IL-6
29
Acanthosis nigricans
Associated with visceral malignancy
30
actinic keratosis
Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of skin
31
AIDS
Associated with aggressive malignant lymphomas(non-Hodgkin) and Kaposi
32
Autoimmune Diseases
Associated with Lymphoma
33
Barrett esophagus
Associated with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
34
Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postSx gastric remnants
Associated with Gastric Adenocarcinoma
35
Cirrhosis
Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
36
Cushing Syndrome
Associated with Small Cell Lung carcinoma
37
Dermatomyositis
Associated with Lung Cancer
38
Down Syndrome
Associated with ALL, AML
39
Dysplastic Nevus
Associated with Malignant Melanoma
40
Hypercalcemia
Associated with Squamous cell lung cancer
41
Immunodeficiency States
Associated with Malignant lymphomas
42
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Associated with Small Cell Lung Cancer
43
Myasthenia gravis, pure RBC aplasia
Associated with Thymoma
44
Paget Disease of Bone
Associated with secondary osetosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
45
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (decreased iron)
Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
46
Polycythemia
Associated with renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma
47
Radiation exposure
Associated with leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer
48
SIADH
Associated with small cell lung cancer
49
Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, intellectual disability)
Associated with Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma
50
Ulcerative colitis
Associated with colonic adenocarcinoma
51
Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism
Associated with melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and esp squamous cell carcinomas of skin
52
BCR-ABL
makes tyrosine kinase, associated with CML, ALL
53
bcl-2
an anti-apoptotic molecule
| associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas
54
BRAF
serine/threonine kinase
| associated with melanoma
55
c-kit
cytokine receptor for stem cell factor
| associated with GI stromal tumor
56
c-myc
Transcription factor
| associated with Burkitt lymphoma
57
HER2/neu
Tyrosine Kinase
| Associated with breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas
58
L-myc
Transcription factors
| associated with Lung Tumor
59
N-myc
Transcription factor
| associated with Neuroblastoma
60
ras
GTPase
| associated with colon cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer
61
ret
tyrosine kinase
| associated with MEN 2A and 2B
62
APC
colorectal cancer (associated with familial adenopolypoptosis)
63
BRCA1
a DNA repair protein
| breast and ovarian cancer
64
BRCA2
a DNA repair protein
| breast and ovarian cancer
65
CPD4/SMAD4
makes DPC - deleted in pancreatic cancer
66
DCC
makes DCC - deleted in colon cancer
67
MEN1
MEN type 1
68
NF1
makes RAS GTPase activating protein (neurofibromin)
| associated with neurofibromatosis 1
69
NF2
```
makes Merlin (schwannomin) protein
associated with neurofibromatosis 2
```
70
p16
makes CDK inhibitor 2A
| associated with melanoma
71
p53
makes transcription factor for p21, blocks G1 → S phase
| associated with most human cancers and LiFraumeni Syndrome
72
PTEN
breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer
73
Rb
inhibits E2F, blocks G1 → S phase
| associated with retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma
74
TSC1
makes Hamartin protein
| associated with Tuberous Sclerosis
75
TSC2
makes Tuberin Protein
| associated with Tuberous Sclerosis
76
VHL
inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1a
| associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease
77
WT1 and WT2
Wilms Tumor (nephroblastoma)
78
Alkaline Phosphatase
Tumor marker for: metastases to bone, liver, Paget disease of bone, seminoma (placental ALP)
79
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Tumor marker for: hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, yolk sac (endometrial sinus) tumor, testicular cancer, mixed germ cell tumor
80
beta-hCG
Tumor marker for: hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas (Gestational trophoblastic disease), testicular cancer
Also commonly associated with pregnancy
81
CA-15-3/CA-27-29
Tumor marker for: Breast Cancer
82
CA-19-9
Tumor marker for: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
83
CA-125
Tumor marker for: Ovarian cancer
84
Calcitonin
Tumor marker for: medullary thyroid carcinoma
85
CEA
CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen
| Tumor marker for: lots of cancers but is very non specific
86
PSA
Tumor marker for: prostate adenocarcinoma
| can be elevated in BPH and prostatitis
87
S-100
Tumor marker for: tumors with neural crest origin
| melanomas, neural tumors, schwannomas, Langerhan cell histiocytosis
88
TRAP
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
| Tumor marker for: Hairy Cell Leukemia a B cell neoplasm
89
EBV associated cancers
Burkitt Lymphoma, HL, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma
90
HBV and HCV associated cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma
91
HHV-8 associated cancer
Kaposi sarcoma, body caivity fluid filled B-cell lymphoma
92
HPV associated cancer
cervical and penile/anal carcinoma (16, 18)
| head, neck or throat cancer
93
H. pylori associated cancer
Gastric Adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma
94
HTLV-1 associated cancer
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
95
Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) associated cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
96
Schistosoma haematobium associated cancer
Bladder Cancer (squamous cell)
97
Aflatoxin
From Aspergillus
| affect liver and causes hepatocellular carcinoma
98
Alkylating agents
affects blood and causes leukemia/lymphoma
99
Aromatic Amines (Benzidine and 2-naphthylamine)
affects bladder and cause transitional cell carcinoma
100
Arsenic
Affects:
liver - angiosarcoma
lung - lung cancer
skin - squamous cel carcinoma
101
Asbestos
affects lung and more likely to cause bronchogenic carcinoma than mesothelioma
102
Carbon tetrachloride
affects liver can causes centrilobular necrosis and fatty change
103
Cigarrette Smoke
causes: transitional cell carcinoma, SCC/adenocarcinoma of esophagus, renal cell carcinoma, SCC of larynx, SCC and small cell carcinoma of lung, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma
104
Ethanol
Affect the liver and can cause hepatocellular carcinoma
105
Ionizing radiation
affects thyroid and causes papilary thyroid carcinoma
106
Nitrosamine (smoked foods)
affects stomach and can cause gastric cancer
107
Radon
affects lung and is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer after smoking
108
Vinyl Chloride
affects the lungs and can cause angiosarcoma
109
Cancer Associated with: calcitriol
causes hypercalcemia and is associated with NHL and hodgkin lymphoma
110
Cancer Associated with: ACTH
causes Cushing Syndrome and is associated with small cell lung carcinoma
111
Cancer Associated with: ADH
causes SIADH and is associated with small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
112
Cancer Associated with: Lambert-Eaton
Small cell lung carcinoma
113
Cancer Associated with: Erythropoetin
causes polycythemia, associated with renal cell carcinoma, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, leiomyoma, and pheochromocytoma
114
Cancer Associated with:PTHrP
causes hypercalcemia and is associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer
115
Psammoma Bodies are seen in which cancers?
papillary carcinoma of thyroid
serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
meningioma
malignant mesothelioma
116
Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
psammoma bodies
117
cancer with #1 cause of death
Lung cancer
118
Most common cancer in males
prostate
119
Most common cancer in females
breast
120
Tumors that metastasize to the brain
Lung > Breast > GU> Osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
remember that 50% of brain tumors are from metastases
seen as multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter jx
121
Tumors that metastasize to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
122
Tumors that metastasize to Bone
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
123
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