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First Aid Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, require ATP

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2
Q

DNA laddering

A

indicator of apoptosis, 180 BP fragments

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3
Q

Apoptosis characterization

A

eosinophilic, shrinkage, pyknosis (nuc shrinks), basophilia, membrane blebbing, karyorrhexis (nuc frags), apoptotic bodies

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4
Q

BAX protein

A

instrinsic pathway for apoptosis, pro-apoptosis

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5
Q

in remodeling in embryogenesis

A

instrinsic pathway for apoptosis

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6
Q

Bcl-2

A

anti-apoptosis, prevents cytochrome c release by binding Apaf-1

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7
Q

Fas Ligand attaches CD95(Fas)

A

extrinsic pathway for apoptosis

Necessary for thymic medullary negative selection

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8
Q

Defective Fas-FasL interaction

A

Autoimmune Disorders

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9
Q

Necrosis

A

Intracellular components leak, have an inflammatory process

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10
Q

Necrosis of Heart, Liver and Kidney

A

Coagulative Necrosis, tissues supplies by end arteries

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11
Q

Proteins denature first, followed by enzymatic degradation

A

Coagulative necrosis

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12
Q

Necrosis of CNS (brain) and bacterial Abscess

A

Liquifactive Necrosis because enzymatic degradation 1st

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13
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

TB, systemic fungi, Nocardia

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14
Q

Enzymatic Fatty Necrosis

A

Pancreatitis via saponification

have calcium deposits

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15
Q

Nonenzymatic Fatty necrosis

A

Breast Tissue Trauma

have calcium deposits

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16
Q

Fibrinoid Necrosis

A

In vascular tissue
seen in HSP, Churg-Strauss, malignant HTN
Is amorphous and pink on H&E

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17
Q

Gangrenous Necrosis

A

Dry - ischemic coagulative
Wet - infectino present
common in limbs and GI tract

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18
Q

Susceptible to Ischmia in Heart

A

Left ventricular Sunendocardium

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19
Q

Susceptible to Ischmia in Kidney

A

Straight Segment of proximal tubule (medulla)

TAL in medulla

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20
Q

Susceptible to Ischmia in Liver

A

Area around Central Vein (zone III)

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21
Q

Susceptible to Ischmia in Colon

A

Splenic Flexure and rectum

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22
Q

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

A

affects pyramidalcells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum

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23
Q

Red Infarct

A

hemorrhagic infarct, occurs in loose tissues with multiple blood supplies (liver, lung, intestine)

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24
Q

Pale Infarct

A

in solid tissues with a single blood supply

heart, kidney, spleen

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25
Q

Distributive Shock

A

high-output cardiac failure, vasodilation so warm, dry skin

failure to increase BP with IV fluids

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26
Q

Types of Distributive Shock

A

Septic, Neurogenic, Anaphylactic

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27
Q

Hypovolemic and Cardiogenic Shock

A

low-output failure, vasoconstriction (cold, clammy)

BP restored with IV fluids

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28
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size and or number of cells

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29
Q

Inflammation

A

rubor (redness), dolor (pain), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), and functio laesa (loss of function)

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30
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and antibody mediated

seconds to minutes and lasts minutes to days

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31
Q

Outcomes of Acute inflammation

A

complete resolution, abscess, or progression to chronic

32
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

mononuclear cells and fibroblast mediated; persistent destruction and repair
BV proliferation, fibrosis

33
Q

Granuloma

A

chronic inflammation, nodular collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells

34
Q

Outcomes of Chronic Inflammation

A

Scarring and amyloidosis

35
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Axonal injury affecting cell body

increased protein synthesis: round cellular swelling, nucleus moves to periphery, Dispersed Nissl substance

36
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

A

calcium deposition secondary to necrosis
localized like in heart valves
NOT associated with Hypercalcemia

37
Q

See Dystrophic Calcification in:

A

TB, liquefactive necrosis of chronic abscess, fat necrosis, infarcts, thrombi, schistosomiasis, Monckeberg arteriolosclerosis, congenital CMV + toxoplasmosis, psammoma bodies

38
Q

Metastatic Calcification

A

Widespread deposition of calcium in normal tissues secondary to HYPERcalcemia
sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D, Primary hyperPTH

39
Q

Margination and Rolling on Vessel

A

E and P-selectin

GlyCAM-1 and CD34

40
Q

Margination and Rolling on Leukocyte

A

Sialyl-Lewis which attach P and E-selectin

L-selectin which attaches GlyCAM-1 and CD34

41
Q

Tight Binding receptors on vessel

A

ICAM-1 (CD54) and VCAM-1 (CD106)

42
Q

Tight Binding receptors on leukocyte

A

CD11/18 integrins

LFA-1, Mac-1, CLA-4 integrin

43
Q

Diapedesis

A

leukocyte travels between endothelial cells and exits blood vessel
PECAM-1 CD31

44
Q

Migration

A

leukocyte travels through interstitium to site of injury or infection guided by chemotactic signals

45
Q

Acetaminophen Overdose

A

fulminant hepatitis, renal papillary necrosis

46
Q

Iron overload

A

hemochromatosis

47
Q

Parallel collagen arrangement confined to borders of original wound, increase collagen synthesis

A

Hypertrophic Scar

48
Q

Disorganized collagen arrangement extending beyond borders of original wound

A

Keloid Scar

49
Q

PDGF

A

secreted by activated platelets and macrophages, induces vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration
Stim fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis

50
Q

FGF

A

stimulates all aspects of angiogenesis

51
Q

EGF

A

stimulates cell growth vis TKs

52
Q

TGF-beta

A

angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest

53
Q

Metalloproteinases

A

Tissue remodeling

54
Q

First cell in wound

A

Neutrophils, and Macrophages clear debris 2 days later

55
Q

Proliferative phase of wound healing

A

2-3 days after wound.

deposition of granulation tissue and collagen, angiogenesis, dissolution of clot and wound contraction

56
Q

Remodeling of Wound

A

1 week after wound
type II collagen replaced by type I collagen
increases tensile strength of tissue

57
Q

Specific Gravity >1.020

58
Q

Specific Gravity <1.020

A

Transudate

59
Q

Protein rich, due to lymphatic obstruction, inflammation/infection, malignancy

60
Q

increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, sodium retention

A

Transudate

61
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

products of inflammation coat RBCs and cause aggregation. When aggregated, RBCs fall at a faster rate within the test tube

62
Q

Increased ESR

A

most anemias, infections, inflammation, cancer, pregnancy, autoimmune disorders

63
Q

Decreased ESR

A

SIckle cell, Polycythemia, CHF

64
Q

MoA of iron poisoning

A

Cell death due to peroxidation of membrane lipids

65
Q

Acute Iron Poisoning

A

N/V, gastric bleeding, lethargy

66
Q

Chronic Iron Poisoning

A

Metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction

67
Q

tx for Iron Poisoning

A

IV deferoxamine, oral deferasirox and dialysis

68
Q

Amyloidosis

A

abnormal aggregation of proteins into beta-pleated sheet structures leading to damage and apoptosis

69
Q

Primary Amyloidosis

A

AL - deposition of proteins from Ig Light Chains

associated with multiple myeloma

70
Q

Secondary amyloidosis

A

AA - seen with chronic conditions like RA, IBD, spondyloarthropathy, protracted infection.
serum has amyloid A

71
Q

Congo Red Stain

A

Amyloidosis

72
Q

Amyloid Precursor Protein

A

Alzheimer’s

73
Q

Islet amyloid polypeptide IAPP

A

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 caused by deposition of amylin in pancreatic islets

74
Q

Yellow-brown wear-and-tear pigment associated with normal aging

A

Lipofuscin

75
Q

Name of the coolest fishy ever?

A

Molly! (but the fish is a DUDE!)

First Aid Pathology (2 decks)

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