Neoplasia Flashcards
How can monoclonality be proven in females?
Via G6PD enzyme isoforms
How can monoclonality be proven in lymphomas?
Via Ig light chain phenotypes - change in 3:1 kappa:lambda ratio
What are the top three leading causes of death in adults?
- CV disease
- Cancer
- Cerebrovascular disease
What are the top three leading causes of death in children?
- Accidents
- Cancer
- Congenital defects
Why do cancers that are detected late have a poor prognosis?
Each division results in increased mutations; late detected cancers hence have more mutations
What are some histological differences between benign and malignant cells?
Benign cells: organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no metastatic potential
Malignant cells: disorganized growth, nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, high mitotic activity + atypical mitosis, invasion; metastatic potential
Desmin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Muscle
Keratin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Epithelium
Vimentin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Mesenchyme
GFAP positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Neuroglia
Neurofilament positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Neurons
PSA positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Prostatic epithelium
Estrogen receptor positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Breast epithelium
Thyroglobulin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Thyroid follicular cells
Chromogranin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Neuroendocrine cells
S- 100 positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?
Melanoma
What does grading of cancer look at?
How differentiated the cancer is; well-differentiated = better prognosis
Mutations in platelet-derived growth factor are associated with which tumor?
Overexpression is associated with astrocytoma
Epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB2; HER2/neu) is associated with which tumor?
Amplification is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas
RET (neural growth factor receptor) is associated with which tumor?
Point mutations are associated with MEN 2A, 2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid
KIT (stem cell growth factor receptor) is associated with which tumor?
Point mutations are associated with GI stromal tumors
Mutations in RAS are associated with which tumors?
Point mutations associated with carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma
BCR-ABL translocation (9,22) is associated with which tumor?
CML
c-myc (TF) translocation with IgH (8,14) is associated with which tumor?
Burkitt lymphoma
