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Heme/Onc > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

How can monoclonality be proven in females?

A

Via G6PD enzyme isoforms

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2
Q

How can monoclonality be proven in lymphomas?

A

Via Ig light chain phenotypes - change in 3:1 kappa:lambda ratio

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3
Q

What are the top three leading causes of death in adults?

A
  1. CV disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Cerebrovascular disease
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4
Q

What are the top three leading causes of death in children?

A
  1. Accidents
  2. Cancer
  3. Congenital defects
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5
Q

Why do cancers that are detected late have a poor prognosis?

A

Each division results in increased mutations; late detected cancers hence have more mutations

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6
Q

What are some histological differences between benign and malignant cells?

A

Benign cells: organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no metastatic potential

Malignant cells: disorganized growth, nuclear polymorphism and hyperchromasia, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, high mitotic activity + atypical mitosis, invasion; metastatic potential

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7
Q

Desmin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Muscle

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8
Q

Keratin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Epithelium

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9
Q

Vimentin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Mesenchyme

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10
Q

GFAP positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Neuroglia

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11
Q

Neurofilament positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Neurons

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12
Q

PSA positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Prostatic epithelium

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13
Q

Estrogen receptor positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Breast epithelium

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14
Q

Thyroglobulin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Thyroid follicular cells

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15
Q

Chromogranin positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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16
Q

S- 100 positive cells indicate a tumor from which tissue type?

A

Melanoma

17
Q

What does grading of cancer look at?

A

How differentiated the cancer is; well-differentiated = better prognosis

18
Q

Mutations in platelet-derived growth factor are associated with which tumor?

A

Overexpression is associated with astrocytoma

19
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB2; HER2/neu) is associated with which tumor?

A

Amplification is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas

20
Q

RET (neural growth factor receptor) is associated with which tumor?

A

Point mutations are associated with MEN 2A, 2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

21
Q

KIT (stem cell growth factor receptor) is associated with which tumor?

A

Point mutations are associated with GI stromal tumors

22
Q

Mutations in RAS are associated with which tumors?

A

Point mutations associated with carcinomas, melanoma, lymphoma

23
Q

BCR-ABL translocation (9,22) is associated with which tumor?

A

CML

24
Q

c-myc (TF) translocation with IgH (8,14) is associated with which tumor?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

25
Q

N-myc (TF) is associated with which tumor?

A

Amplification associated with neuroblastoma

26
Q

L-myc (TF) is associated with which tumor?

A

Amplification associated with small cell lung carcinoma

27
Q

Cyclin D1 mutation is associated with which tumor?

A

t(11;14) associated with mantle cell lymphoma

28
Q

CDK4 mutation is associated with which tumor?

A

Amplification associated with melanoma

29
Q

What is neoadjuvant chemotherapy?

A

Shrinking tumor size with chemotherapy to increase chances of a successful surgical resection

30
Q

What is concurrent chemotherapy?

A

Giving chemotherapy simultaneously to radiation to increase sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation

31
Q

What type of chemotherapy doses are given to cancer patients?

A

Maximal tolerable dose! Increasing dose increases the number of cancer cells killed but plateaus after a certain point

32
Q

Describe the phases of clinical trials in oncology.

A

Pre-Clinical: tissue culture and animal studies
Phase 1: Drug given to small group of people (define MTD)
Phase 2: Drug given to medium group of people (define response rate at MTD)
Phase 3: Drug given to larger group to evaluate safety (large randomized trial)
Phase 4: Post marketing studies

33
Q

How do chemotherapy cycles work?

A

Give one complete dose regimen followed by several days or weeks without treatment; want time to recover from side effects; usual schedule 21 day breaks

Heme/Onc (3 decks)

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