Neoplasia 2

Question 1

Why is cancer so difficult to understand and treat?

Answer 1

• genomic instability and cell to cell heterogeity leads to resistance to therapy
• invasion into normal tissue makes surgery tricky
• very poor understanding of metastases- yet this is what we are most often treating

Question 2

Behaviour of neoplasia

Answer 2

• self-sufficiency in growth signals
• insensitivity to antigrowth signals
• evading apoptosis
• limitless replicative potential
• sustained angiogenesis
• tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 3

Pathogenesis in neoplasia

Answer 3

Many factors involved, but cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

reversible replacement of a normal cell type with another normal cell type that is not usually found there

Question 5

Types of dysplasia

Answer 5

preneoplastic- have the ability to become neoplastic

Developmental- ex canine hip dysplasia with DJD

Question 6

Major abnormalities in neoplasms

Answer 6

Altered cell phenotype (altered differentiation)
Dysregulated proliferation
Accumulative growth

Question 7

Neoplasia

Answer 7

a new pattern of excessive and poorly controlled growth of cells with atypical differentiation

Question 8

Neoplasm

Answer 8

a new excessive growth of cells with poorly controlled proliferation
OR
mutant population of cells with atypical differentiation, dysregulated proliferation, accumulative growth

Question 9

Carcinoma

Answer 9

malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells

eg surface epithelial cells

Question 10

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 10

malignant neoplasm of secretory epithelial cells

eg glandular epithelial cells

Question 11

Sarcoma

Answer 11

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cells

Question 12

Neoplastic transformation

Answer 12

change from preneoplastic to neoplastic

Question 13

Malignant conversion

Answer 13

change from benign to malignant

Question 14

Diagnostic evaluation of neoplasms

Answer 14

cell type
-what is the cell of origin?
-epithelial, mesenchymal, other
grade 
-how abnormal/aggressive are these cells?
stage of progression
-how far have they spread?
Resection margins
-was it all removed

Question 15

Leukemia=?

Answer 15

neoplastic hematopoietic cells in blood and bone marrow

Question 16

TNM staging of malignancy

Answer 16

0- carcinoma in situa local nodes/metastases no
1- shallow invasion local nodes/metastases no
2-deep invasion NO
3 yes yes but no metastases
4 yes to all
5 yes to all

Question 17

Grading systems vary among tumor types and are based on the following microscopic criteria

Answer 17

rate of proliferation
atypia
aneuploidy
local behaviour- growth, necrosis, invasion

Question 18

How do neoplastic cells differ in microscopic appearance from normal cells?

Answer 18

atypical cell differnetiation
replicative activity
heterogeneity 
nuclear abnormalities (hyperchromasia, multinucleation)
anaplasia
reduced cell death

Question 19

Reduced cell death is due to?

Answer 19

loss of p53

increased bcl2, survivins, viral inhibitors