Neoplasia 1 Flashcards
-megaly indicates
enlargement of an organ without specifying what contributed to the size
cell proliferations
increase in production of cells due to increased cell replication and/or reduced cell death
Cell phenotype
refers to appearance of a cell, and results from its patter of gene expression
Cell differentiation
refers to development of specialized phenotype for mature histologic cell type
Hypertrophy
cell tissue or organ enlargement
-hypertrophy used when constituent cells cannot replicate
Hyperplasia
tissue enlargement due to an increase in the number of resident cells
Atrophy
cell, tissue or organ shrinkage
-cells undergo hypertrophy or atrophy mainly by increasing or decreasing expression of genes that supply the major cytoplasmic components that change
Tissue atrophy
due to loss of cytoplasm and/or loss of some cells
Hypoplasia
small tissues that did not develop appropriate size but have normal structure
Aplasia
failure of development of a tissue from primordail tissue
agenesis
failure of development of a tissue from primordial tissue
Atricia
failure of an orfice to develop
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of a normal cell type with another normal cell type
Dysplasia
proliferation in an atypical disorganized pattern
neoplasia
new pattern of excessive and poorly ontrolled growth of cells with an atypical differentiation
Proliferative rates differ among cell types and may decline with age
- some cells constantly proliferate to maintain cell populations
- some cells have a low proliferation but can increase if needed
- some cells have little or no capacity for proliferation
Proliferative activity declines with?
age almost completely in muscle and neurons
Proliferative activity declines minimally in?
the bone marrow and intestines throughout life
Tissues with minimal cell proliferation
neurons
myocardium
Tissues with mild cell proliferation
Liver, kidney pancreas endocrine tissues skeletal muscles mature bone cartilage
High tissue proliferation
intestinal crypts thymic cortex lymphoid follicles bone marrow hair or feather follicles seminiferous tubules
Hyperkaratosis
hyperplasia of keratinized layer
Acanthosis
hyperplasia of the proliferative layer (basal layer)
Systemic growth factors and cytokines
EPO
Insulin like growth factors
GM-CSF
TSH
