Neoplasia 2

Question 1

Nucleus moulding meaning

Answer 1

Cells start to stick together and nuclei start to mould

-reflection of rapid growth/overcrowding- cells squashed together
-occurs in very malignant tumours

Question 2

Coarse chromatin meaning

Answer 2

Chromatin starts looking like old rope

Question 3

Macronucleoli meaning

Answer 3

Multiple massive nuclei inside cell

Question 4

Angular nucleoli meaning

Answer 4

Nucleoli starts to overcrowd, becomes very prominent and angular

Question 5

Anisonucleoliosis

Answer 5

Variably sized nuclei within one cell

Question 6

Neoplastic cells often have a ________ nucleus with a __________ nucleolus. With _______ & __________ numbers of mitosis figures

Answer 6

Larger
Prominent
Increased & abnormal

Question 7

Histological features of malignancy; a summary

Answer 7

Enlarged nucleus with prominent nucleolus
Increased mitosis
Multiple nucleoli
Large nuclei

Question 8

If function of cell is maintained when tumour is present, is this a sign of malignant or benign neoplasia?

Answer 8

Benign; when function altered it is a sign of malignant

Question 9

True or false, tumour function is often marked species variation

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Granulosa cell tumour;
Ovarian tumour
-common in what animal
-produces what steroids
-malignant or benign

Answer 10

Common in large animals
Produces oestrogen, androgens & +/- inhibin
Non malignant

Question 11

Granulosa cell tumour in the mare;
In the mare, depending on what hormone it produces, a different effect will be produced on the animal. What effect will production of
A) Testosterone
B) Inhibin
C) Oestrogen

Answer 11

A) Stallion-like behaviour
B) Anoestrus
C) Nymphomania

Question 12

Granulosa cell tumour malignant or benign in;
1. Cow
2. Mare
3. Bitch

Answer 12

1. Benign
2. Benign
3. Can be both

Question 13

Granulosa cell tumour- bitch

Answer 13

Often oestrogen producing- prolonged oestrus
Can be progesterone producing which if prolonged can lead to CEH which then leads to pyometra

Question 14

Name the Tumour components

Answer 14

Parenchyma- neoplastic cells
-determine biological behaviour

Stroma- non-neoplastic, supporting tissue
-CT
-blood vessels
-host derived inflammatory cells
Essential for tumour growth and provide physical support and nutrients

Question 15

Interaction between the stroma and parenchyma is a…

Answer 15

2 way process- both can influence one another

Question 16

Which type of molecules modulate growth rate, differentiation state and behaviour of the tumour cells

Answer 16

Growth factors, cytokines, hormones & inflammatory mediators

Question 17

What is scirrhous/desmoplastic response
Describe the steps in forming this

Answer 17

Dense collagenous stroma
Forms from neoplastic epithelial cells (parenchyma) producing platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). This triggers activation of tumour associated fibroblast which start producing the collagen; scirrhous.

Question 18

Describe the Tumour stromal interaction

Answer 18

Tumour production (produces proteases, growth factors, inflammatory mediators) leads to stromal response (produces inflammatory cells, extracellular matrix, vascular endothelium, stroma fibroblasts etc) which leads to tumour response (differentiation rate, proliferation rate, local invasive nests and metastatic capacity).

Question 19

How does canine disease renal carcinoma & modular dermatofibrosis (GSD) arise?

Answer 19

Inactivation of tumour suppressor gene- heritable change in germ line sequence in all cells

Question 20

What does epigenetic change mean

Answer 20

Reversible, heritable changes in gene expression that occur without mutation

Question 21

What is heritable alterations in cancer?

Answer 21

PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES IN CELLS

Question 22

Initial heritable alterations in cancer are due to either;

Answer 22

Inherited germ line mutation
Or somatic mutations

Question 23

What is carcinoma

Answer 23

Type of cancer e.g u can get nasal carcinoma, skin carcinoma etc

Question 24

What are the 3 steps of tumour development?

Answer 24

1. Initiation
2. ProMotion
3. Transformation & progression

Question 25

Initiation step of tumour development

Answer 25

Irreversible genetic change introduced into cells/tissue
Initiated cells are Morphologically normal and could remain quiescent for years until an initiator comes along and acts on them

Question 26

What is an initiator/promoter

Answer 26

Chemical or physical carcinogen (substance capable of causing cancer)
E.g DNA lesions, mutation fixation

Question 27

Promotion step of tumour development

Answer 27

Outgrowth of initiated cells in response to selected stimuli
Promoters alter gene expression
Initiated cells have growth advantages over uninitiated cells
Not mutation so reversible

Question 28

Transformation & progression tumour development step

Answer 28

Involves genetic and epigenetic changes
Tumour becomes Increasingly malignant

Question 29

Which steps of tumour development are reversible and which irreversible
Which steps of tumour development are genetic and which nongenetic

Answer 29

Step 1 irreversible and genetic
Step 2 reversible and non genetic
Step 3 can be both and can be both

Question 30

What occurs after transformation and progression step of tumour development?

Answer 30

Tumour cells proliferate and sub-clones of tumour cell can occur
Which have slightly different features

Question 31

Stepwise development of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 31

Step 1: thickening of epidermis (epidermal hyperplasia)—>leads to benign papilloma
-no sign of invasion

Step 2 : carcinoma beginning to invade into deeper tissues

Step 3: invasive carcinoma appears