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Module 6 Week 3 > Neoplasia 1 > Flashcards

Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm
-what do cells undergo when there is a neoplasm?

A

A new growth
-tumours, cancer

-undergo irreversible genetic change; become unresponsive to normal growth controls

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2
Q

Oncology meaning

A

Study of neoplasia

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3
Q

Is a lump always a tumour?

A

No, can be abscess or puss instead

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4
Q

What is a hamartoma

A

Disorganised tissue but in the correct site (it is where it should be)
-normal
-normal tissue chaotically arranged

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5
Q

What is choristoma

A

Tissue chaotically arranged but in the wrong site

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6
Q

Example of choristoma

A

Dermoid; haired skin on cornea (eye)

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7
Q

What are the 4 preneoplastic changes that can occur before neoplasia does?

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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8
Q

Are preneoplastic changes reversible?

A

Yes, can regress

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9
Q

Most tumours are a ________ population i.e;

A

Monoclonal; one cell type

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10
Q

What are the 3 basic cell populations that can produce tumour cells

A

Mesenchymal (come from mesoderm)
-CT, fat, cartilage
-muscle

Round cell tumours
-subgroup of mesenchymal, come from mesoderm

Epithelial (come from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
-ecto; covering epithelium e.g skin
-meso; solid organs eg renal tubules, hepatocytes
-endo; lining epithelium e.g gut

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11
Q

Leukaemia are malignancies derived from;

A

circulating blood cells or their precursors

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12
Q

what is nomenclature

A

Treatment prognosis which tells you cell of origin and tells us whether cells are benign or malignant

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13
Q

Describe the nomenclature for mesenchymal tumours

A

On anki cards

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14
Q

Malignant versus benign tumours

A

Malignant; spread rapidly, cancerous, invade and destroy normal tissue

Benign; grow slowly and don’t spread, non cancerous

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15
Q

Describe the nomenclature for epithelial tumours

A

On anki cards

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16
Q

Histologically,
Mesenchymal cells tend to form…
Epithelial cells tend to form…

A

(Disorganised) sheets
Specific structures

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17
Q

Which 4 important features can we look at to tell whether a tumour is malignant or benign?

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Rate of growth
  3. Local invasion
  4. Metastitis
18
Q
  1. Differentiation feature of tumours
A

Normal differentiated cells are easily distinguishable due to their features e.g squamous epithelial cells. There is little variation between individuals

Neoplastic cells on the other hand lose these differentiated features i.e dedifferenciate. With loss of Morphological features there is also a loss of functional capacity & there is a development of aggressive behaviour

19
Q

2 types of stem cells and what each does

A

Totipotent; can regenerate all tissues of body

multipotent/pluripotent; give rise to smaller variety of tissue types

20
Q

Most adult stem cells have __________ plasticity

A

Limited (don’t have totipotiness)

21
Q

Tumours are made up of cells that lack what?

A

Fully differentiated features

22
Q

Anaplastic meaning

A

cells which have would dedifferentiated to the point that you cannot tell which cell it used to be

23
Q
  1. Rate of growth feature of tumours
    Normal versus neoplastic
A

Normal; cells are quiescent, stable in G0 but can kick back into dividing mode when needed eg hepatocytes in liver

Neoplastic; have little time in G0, don’t undergo cell cycle arrest, don’t get checked for damage, proliferate continuously

24
Q

What can tumours do apart from continuously dividing non stop?

A

Inactivate death factor signalling pathways; blocks apoptosis and growth rate increased

Activate survival signalling pathways; become independent to bodies needs, not working on common good for rest of body

25
Q

What is function of telomerase
-expressed by what cells

A

Enzyme expressed by stem & germ cells which allows for telomere replication

26
Q

What happens in normal somatic cells when telomerase is expressed?

On the other hand, what happens in Neoplastic cells

A

Extreme ends of DNA templates not duplicated
Telomeres that form chromosome ends shortened at each cell division-> cell senescence-> cell death

Neoplastic cells regain ability to produce telomerase;
Allows for more tel more replication, there is no shortening and therefore no cell death

27
Q

What is the latency period of a solid tumour growth

A

Period when tumour is not clinically obvious

28
Q

A tumour takes how many doubling to be visible?

How many doubling more to become a kg in size, which is fatal?

A

30

10

29
Q

Important factors in tumour growth

A

-Blood supply
-Extrinsic growth regulating factors
-Efficacy of host immune response
-Emergence of sub populations of aggressive tumour cells

30
Q

Characteristics of benign tumours

A

Well differentiated
Recogniseable structure

Slow progressive expansion
Rare mitosis figures

No true invasion
Often encapsulated
Expansive growth

No metastitis

31
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumours referring to the 4 features of tumours

A

Lack of differentiation
Atypical structure
Variable degree of anaplasia

Rapid growth rate
Often lots of mitosis figures

Local invasion present
Infiltrate growth
No capsule

Frequent metastatis

Cause death if untreated!!!

32
Q

Cytological criteria of Malignancy

Meaning of Anisocytosis and macrocytosis

(Defintion of word split up—>
Aniso=
Macro=
Cyt=)

A
  1. Unlike, inequal
  2. Large
  3. Cell

Therefore anisocytosis means there is variation in cell size
Macrocytosis means larger cell than normal

33
Q

anisocytic and macrocytosis cells are features of which type of neoplasia?

A

Malignant tumour

34
Q

Hypercellularity meaning

A

Increased exfoliation of cells from a tissue that doesn’t normally exfoliate easily (due to decreased cell adherence)
Only applied to certain types of tissue

E.g lots of spindle cells found in bone

35
Q

Pleomorphism meaning

A

Variation in cell size and shape within a given cell population i.e a non uniform or irregular appearance of cell population

36
Q

Macrokaryosis meaning

A

Enlarged nuclear size

37
Q

Increased nucleus : cytoplasm ratio

A

An increased amount of nucleus compared to cytoplasm for a given cell type
Doesn’t count for cells that normally have a very high N:C ratio e.g lymphoid cells

38
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Variation in nucleus size

Particularly suggestive of malignancy when it occurs within one cell

39
Q

Multinucleation meaning

A

Multiple nuclei within one cell

40
Q

Increased mitosis figures meaning

A

A way to identify how vigorous cell dividing is occurring, e.g if there’s lots of mitosis going on, could indicate that cells are neoplastic

41
Q

What are some exceptions to increased mitosis figures

A

bone marrow, intestinal crypts
Inflamed or reactive tissue

Generally most are in low numbers

42
Q

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer

A

Sustaining proliferative signalling
Resisting cell death
Evading growth suppressors
Inducing angiogenesis
Activation invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality

Module 6 Week 3 (3 decks)

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