neoplasia Flashcards
what is neoplasia?
neoplasia is the uncontrolled abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body. it is classified as cancer based on 2 things:
- its biological behaviour
the type of cell/tissue it arises from
two types of cancers?
malignant and bening
malignant - aggressive cancer destroying surrounding tissues, poor differentiation, rapid growing
benign - slow growing, non invading surrounding tissues, well differentiated
benign tumours:
occur in the epithelium
benign tumour of lining of epithelium is called papilloma
further classified into squamous, columnar, transitional papilloma
benign tumour of the plan duller epithelium known as adenoma
these are benign tumours of connective tissues and muscles
malignant tumours:
malignant neoplasm of the lining of the epithelium are called carcinomas.
malignant neoplasm of bone, cartilage and muscle are called sarcomas
blood and lymphoid organs are called leukaemia and lymphomas;.
the spreads of malignant neoplasms:
direct spread - cancer spreading to adjacent tissues. tumour spread occurs along the path of least resistant giving in crap like appearance
vascular spread - generally carcinomas, spread via lymph vessels and sarcomas spread through blood vessels
Transcoelomic spread - spread in body cavity such as pleural or peritoneal cavity. e.g. stomach or colon cancer can perforate the gut wall and spread through peritoneal cavity to ovaries.
what is the clinical staging of cancer?
the degree to which a cancer as spread at the time of diagnosis.
what is the TMM system?
clinical staging system. T is the condition of the primary tumour
Tis or T0 is cancer in one site (carcinoma in situ)
T1-T4 - increasing size of primary tumour and spread through neighbouring tissues
N - the extent of lymph node involvement
N0 - lymph nodes free of cancer
N1,N2,N3 - increasing extent of lymph node involvement
M- metastasis
M0 - metastasis absent
M1 - presence of metastasis
