Cell Injury Flashcards
Function of Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function, the rough contains ribosomes
Function of mitochondria:
generate chemical energy to power the cells biochemical reactions.
function of golgi apparatus
transport, sort, modifies proteins and lipids
function of ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
function of lysosomes
digestive system of the cell. breakdown macromolecules, respond against foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses etc
function of centrioles
organise microtubules that serve as cells skeletal system. helps determine location of nucleus and other organelles
function of nucleolus
produce and assemble cells ribosomes. where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed
building the body:
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system
what is cell injury and disease?
disease is any departure from normal state of health
what are symptoms?
diseases present with problems such as pain
what are signs?
abnormalities noticed by physician e.g. abnormal heart rate
what is diagnosis?
finding nature of disease
what is prognosis?
predicting future course of disease
what are the three types of cell injury explained?
Acquired - developed after birth due to environmental or external factors
genetics - happening in families, abnormality in base sequence of DNA
congenital - present from birth, developed during foetal life
what is Ischaemia? with example
lack of blood flow through tissue, leads to hypoxia anoxia
disrupts oxidative metabolism and leads to cell injury or death.
e.g. ischaemic stroke - oxygen rich blood flowing to the brain is restricted by blood clot or blockage
Heart attack - happens if cardiac ischaemia occurs to long, heart tissue dies then myocardial infraction
what is hypoxia and anoxia?
hypoxia is when oxygen isn’t available to maintain homeostasis
anoxia is the complete loss of oxygen
what are the 7 causes of cell injury?
physical agents
chemical agents
infectious agents
nutritional disorders
immunological disorders
genetic disorders
congenital
what are physical agents?
- excessive heat/cold
low temps induces vasoconstriction and impairment of blood supply
heat applies locally causing burns - radiation - may damage tissues e.g. sun burn or x ray burns
- trauma - resulting in wounds, bruises, fractures, dislocation
- electric current - sudden death by electric current of high voltage
what are chemical agents?
A compound can react directly with some molecular components of the cell interfering with function
e.g.
chronic exposure to ethyl alcohol causing cirrhotic liver
the replacement of liver tissues by fibrosis scar tissue tissue as well as regenerative nodules
what are infectious agents?
species of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi are able to invade and multiply within hosts and cause diseases.
what are nutritional disorders?
over nutrition - causing obesity, linked to disease such as cardiovascular disease
under nutrition - deficiencies e.g vitamin D, prevents bone development.
what are immunological disorders?
the immune system protects humans but in certain circumstances reactions damage tissues
causing e.g autoimmune disease, hypersensitivity reactions .
what are genetic disorders?
some abnormalities in the base sequence in DNA of the fertilised ovum and cell derived from it.
e.g sickle cell - life long blood disorder
red blood cells that have abnormal rigid sickle shape.
sickling decreases cells flexibility resulting in complications
occurs because of mutation in haemoglobin.
what is congenital disorders?
disease was present at birth.
caused by defect in the cellular process of development.
e.g cerebellar hypoplasia
in calves where the cerebullum fails to develop due to transmission of virus of mucosal disease from mother to foetus during pregnancy
