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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

most common primary intra-ocular tumour in adults

A

uveal melanoma

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2
Q

most common primary intra-ocular tumour in children

A

retinoblastoma

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3
Q

Most common malignant lacrimal gland tumour

A

Adenocystic carcinoma

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4
Q

Most common benign orbital tumour in adults

A

Cavernous haemangioma

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5
Q

Most common benign orbital tumour in children:

A

Capillary haemangioma

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6
Q

Most common malignant orbital tumour in children:

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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7
Q

enviromental carcinogenesis

A

chemicals, radiate, virusees

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8
Q

conjuncitval papilloma

A

caused by HPV 6 and 11
16 and 18 are high risk carcinoma

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9
Q

EBV

A

burkitt’s lymphoma

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10
Q

carcinogenesis of HPV

A

HPV produces the E6 protein which binds to and inactivates p53 leading to
uncontrolled DNA replication

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11
Q

carcinogensis of EBV

A

EBV produces a protein that makes the cell resistant to apoptosis

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12
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Autosomal recessive
o Deficiency in DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) mechanisms leading to
multiple skin tumours
o Photosensitivity, multiple solar keratoses, skin cancers

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13
Q

neurofirbomatosis

A

o Autosomal dominant (1:4000)
o Neurofibroma: derived from endoneurium. Spindle cells on histology
o Schwannoma: derived from Schwann cells. Palisaded spindle cells and
myxoid areas

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14
Q

NF1

A

o Defect in NF1 gene on chromosome 17q
 Multiple neurofibromas, cafe-au-lait spots, axillary freckling and risk
of sarcoma
 Associated with optic nerve glioma, Lisch nodules, lid neurofibroma,
choroidal naevi, phaeochromocytomas and retinal astrocytoma

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15
Q

NF2

A

o NF-2 (1:40,000) does not actually cause neurofibromas but causes acoustic
neuroma/schwannoma, meningioma, glioma, combined hamartoma of the
RPE and early cataract. Mutation is at 22q

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16
Q

li-fraumeni syndrome

A

germ-line mutation of p53
high risk of childhood sarcoma and breast cancer

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17
Q

von hippel lindau syndrome

A

o Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome
o Mutation on chromosome 3
o Capillary haemangiomata of the retina (aka retinal angiomata), renal cell
carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, haemangioblastoma of the cerebellum

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18
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal genes that stimulate cell division

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19
Q

tumour suppressor genes

A

normal genes that inhibit cell division

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20
Q

oncogenes

A

abnormal/cancerous genes that cause uncontrolled proliferation

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21
Q

benign tumours

A

can undergo malignant change possibly after acquiring genetic
mutations eg. pleomorphic lacrimal gland adenomas can transform to
adenocarcinoma

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22
Q

chronic inflammation

A

chronic lymphocytic infiltrates in the lacrimal gland
associated with Sjogren’s syndrome can develop into lymphoma

23
Q

intraepithelial neoplasia

A

actinic keratosis showed
pleomorphism and dysplasia and can become squamous cell carcinoma if they
breach the basement membrane

24
Q

hamartoma

A

 Non-neoplastic tumour of normal tissues for the site
 Typically involve blood vessels and melanocytes

25
Q

haemangiomas

A

proliferation of blood vessels
 Capillary (small vessel) and cavernous (large vessels with septations) can affect
the eyelids, orbit and choroid

26
Q

sturge-webder syndrome

A

encephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis) causes extensive
haemangiomas (phakomatoses). It is a sporadic (not hereditary) mutation in the
GNAQ gene
o Choroidal haemangiomas
o Vascular proliferation in the angle: glaucoma

27
Q

naevi

A

abnormal proliferation of melanocytes (neural crest derived cells)
 Found in the conjunctiva, iris, choroid and retina
 Can occasionally progress to melanoma
 Benign features: clear margins, no overlying subretinal fluid, no orange
pigment/lipofuscin

28
Q

beign astrocytic haematroms

A

astrocytes forming a matrix of calcification
 Associated with tuberous sclerosis (fundal astrocytomas)
 Stable round nodule projecting into vitreous

29
Q

choriostoma

A

Non-neoplastic tumour of normal (ectodermal) tissues in an abnormal location
include: dermoid, dermolipomas, phakomatous choristoma

30
Q

dermoid

A

may be composed of fat, fibrous tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands
(ectodermal elements).
 Seen as nodules on the bulbar conjunctiva
 Well-defined, white-pale yellow lesions
 No malignant potential
 May be associated with Goldenhar’s syndrome

31
Q

phakomatous choristoma

A

eyelid nodule composed of lens capsular material!

32
Q

squamous papilloma

A

includes molluscum contagiosum (poxvirus) and
viral warts (HPV)

33
Q

basal cell papilloma

A

appearnce: sessile, pedunculated, papipillary shepd
aka seborrhoeic keratosis
histo: acanthonic proliferation of basal cells, keratin filled cysts

34
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumour of glandular tissue
 Can arise from eyelid sweat glands, sebaceous glands, meibomian glands
 Sebaceous adenomas are commonly seen as a yellow mass at the caruncle

35
Q

keratocathoma

A

Rapidly growing but spontaneously resolving tumour of the epidermis
 Can mimic an SCC
 Nodule that grows over only a few weeks
 Elevated, “heaped” shoulder
 Central ulcer/crater
 Typically resolves within 2-3 months but can leave a scarh

36
Q

histology of keratocathoma

A

Central mass of keratin (pink with H&E stain)
 Hyperplastic epidermis with clear demarcation between this raised edge and
normal skin surface
 Demonstrate hyperkeratosis (of the epidermis) and sometimes also dyskeratosis
(keratinisation within the dermis)

37
Q

epidermoid cyst

A

Demonstrate dyskeratosis (purely)
 Histologically: keratin-filled cavity within the dermis lined by keratinised xtratified
squamous epithelium

38
Q

meningiomas

A

Slow-growing tumours of the meninges
 Most commonly detected primary intracranial neoplasms
 Most sporadic but may be familial
 Associated with NF2 (22q) and MN1 (also on 22q)

39
Q

intracranial meiningiomas

A

Intracranial meningiomas cause raised ICP which can cause papilloedema
 Meningiomas arising from the olfactory groove or sphenoid can cause
 Optic atrophy
 CN VI nerve palsies: false localising sign

40
Q

histopathology of meininingioma

A

psammoma bodies

41
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

> 90% of malignant eye tumours
 Caucasians over 50 years old

42
Q

assoicaitons with basal cell carcinoma

A

 Sunlight exposure
 Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (aka basal cell naevus syndrome). Autosomal dominant
mutation of PTCH gene on 9q
 Xeroderma pigmentosa: autosomal recessive, extreme sensitivity to UV light
 Albinism: usually autosomal recessive (lack of melanin)
 Bazex syndrome: X-linked dominant disorder of hair follicles
 Male gender
 Arsenic exposure
 Immunosuppression
 Fair skin/caucasian

43
Q

appearance of BCCs

A

 Nodular (or solid)
 Central ulcer
 Rolled edge
 Morphoeiform type: scirrhous (hard/fibrous) plaque
 Occasionally pigmented

44
Q

histological types of BCCs

A

nodular
superfical
infiltrative / scelorising
micronodular

45
Q

histology of nodular BCCs

A

well-defined islands of proliferating basal cells with peripheral
palisades. Cystic degeneration can occur (nodulocystic)

46
Q

histology of superficial BCCs

A

scaly plaque showing lobules of cells budding into superficial
dermis from the epidermis or localised to the dermal-epidermal junction. There
may be big gaps between the collections of cell

47
Q

histology of infiltraitive / scelorising

A

morphoeic clinically. More aggressive. Strands of
tumour cells in a fibrous stroma and ill-defined border with reduced peripheral
palisading

48
Q

histology of micronodular

A

more aggressive. Multiple small nodular collections of cells.

49
Q

squamous papilloma histology

A

Epithelial acanthosis
Hyperkeratosis
Central fibrovascular core

50
Q

seborrheic keratosis histology

A

Lesion above skin surface
Acanthotic proliferation of basaloid cells
Varying degrees of hyperkeratosis
Keratin filled cystic inclusion

51
Q

inverted follicular keratosis histology

A

Endophytic proliferation of basaloid, squamous elements
Squamoid eddies
Acantholysis

52
Q

keratoacanthoma histology

A

Cup-shaped nodular elevation
Thickened epidermis with islands of well differentiated squamous epithelium
Neutrophil infiltration
Central mass of keratin

53
Q
A

Pathology (6 decks)

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