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PATHOLOGY > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

occurs when a group of cells becomes free of normal growth control mechanisms, grows without regard for the normal structural and functional aspects of a tissue or an organ and excessive growth becomes autonomous.

A

Neoplasia

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2
Q

neoplasia also means what?

A

New growth

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3
Q

this tissue growth is called?

A

Neoplasm

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4
Q

Classical definition of a neoplasm points to it as an?

A

abnormal mass of tissue

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5
Q

neoplasms were thought to be a malady of a mysterious cause what name?

A

“small crab”

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6
Q

observation led to the naming of the condition as _____, after the zodiac symbol for crabs.

A

cancer

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7
Q

The term cancer has been associated with?

A

malignant neoplasms

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8
Q

Another term that lay people use to refer to neoplasm is?

A

Tumor

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9
Q

what is a tumor?

A

is a tissue swelling or mass that may or may not be neoplasm

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10
Q

is the study of neoplasia, and this word is the basis of oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of neoplasia

A

oncology

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11
Q

normal cell is grown in?

A

in vitro

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12
Q

normal cell spread out to form a single sheet of cells called what?

A

cell monolayer

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13
Q

Growth ceases when the cells reach a certain population density where they remain quiescent but healthy, this mechanism is called

A

density-dependent inhibition
or
contact inhibition of growth

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14
Q

density-dependent inhibition or contact inhibition of growth is governed by?

A

chalones

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15
Q

When normalcells is influenced by some factors, lose their innate characteristics they become?

A

Neoplastic cells

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16
Q

This neoplastic cells has a process known as?

A

Neoplastic transformation.

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17
Q

– neoplastic cells contain less cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) and more cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) than normal cells. The absence of normal enzymes or the presence of abnormal
ones can occur.

A

Biochemical changes

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18
Q

– presents altered surface antigens

A

Antigenic changes

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19
Q

Based on the tissue origin, the neoplasm could be:

A

epithelial, or mesenchymal.

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20
Q

When they are derived from one embryonic germ layer, they are called?

A

Mixed neoplasm

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21
Q

a is a neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer, and may contain any number of tissues of any type

A

Teratoma

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22
Q

is describes those that are relatively inoffensive, grow slowly expansion, are circumscribed, does not undergo metastasis and presents very few mitotic or apoptotic figures, and is rarely fatal.

A

Benign Neoplasm

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23
Q

_____ refers to those that are aggressive and potentially life threatening.

A

Malignant neoplasm

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24
Q

Benign neoplasms carry the suffix?

A

-oma

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25
Q

benign neoplasm derived from fibroblast is called?

A

fibroma

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26
Q

Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelia are called?

A

adenomas

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27
Q

if it forms cystic cavitations, it is called?

A

cystadenoma

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28
Q

is one that forms branching finger-like projections into the lumen;

A

Papillary adenoma

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29
Q

is one derived from ducts

A

Ductular adenoma

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30
Q

are neoplasms growing at the surfaces

A

Polyps or papilloma

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31
Q

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin carry their suffix called?

A

sarcoma

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32
Q

Malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic in mesenchymal origin is called?

A

fibrosarcoma

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33
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin carry their suffix called?

A

Carcinoma

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34
Q

When malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin form solid pattern, and those that form recognizable ducts; tubules or acini they are called are called?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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35
Q

Some neoplasms fail to mimic their tissue origin sufficiently for them to be recognized they are
called?

A

poorly differentiated sarcoma or carcinoma

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36
Q

Malignant neoplasm usually exhibits _______or the failure of cells to differentiate or loss of differentiation.

A

anaplasia

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37
Q

Anaplastic cells usually exhibit____where their nuclei become large, hyperchromatic or vesicular, have abnormal shapes and may contain one or
more prominent nucleoli

A

pleomorphism

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38
Q

Glandular adenomas may secrete?

A

mucus

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39
Q

Endocrine adenomas may produce?

A

hormones

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40
Q

melanomas produce?

A

Melanin

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41
Q

osteosarcomas produce?

A

Osteoid

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42
Q

adenocarcinoma of thyroid produces?

A

Colloid

43
Q

Malignant neoplasm also has the potential to spread to distant sites not directly adjacent with the primary mass, in a process called?

A

metastatis

44
Q

neoplastic cells produce enzymes that can degrade adjacent tissues, what are these enzymes?

A
  1. lysosomal hydrolases
  2. Collagenase
  3. plasminogen activator
45
Q

Tumor masses may destroy vital structures due to their location and may even be fatal.

A

local effect

46
Q

wasting of body mass occurring out of proportion to the mass of neoplasm may be due to general inappetence resulting from the liberation of toxic products

A

Cancer Cachexia

47
Q

This includes fever resulting from tissue necrosis and concomitant infection;

A

systemic infarction

48
Q

Some tumors retain their functional ability and secrete substances that may cause disease in the host,

A

hormone production

49
Q
  • non-endocrine tumors produce ectopic hormones inappropriate for their tissue origin.
    This has been reported to occur in both human and animals,
A

paraneoplastic syndrome

50
Q

Agents known to cause neoplasia are called?

A

Carcinogens

51
Q

thedevelopmental process of neoplastic transformation occurring in cells is called?

A

Carcinogenesis

52
Q

these are reactive substances that require no activation by biologic processes.

A

Direct-reacting carcinogens

53
Q

agents that must be metabolized in the animal body to the “proximate” or ultimate carcinogen

A

procarcinogens

54
Q

these may be direct-reacting or procarcinogen, or may not be a carcinogen at all but are capable of initiating a change in the cell that leads to neoplastic transformation

A

initiator

55
Q

agents that then applied after initiation promotes the development of tumors;

A

Promoter or co-carcinogen

56
Q

act as both initiator and promoter.

A

Complete carcinogen

57
Q

this can produce tumor in dogs.

A

Oncogenic viruses

57
Q

In the families of RNA viruses, only the members of the _______ family are capable of producing neoplastic transformation

A

retrovirus family

58
Q

usually occurs over an extended period of exposure to the chemical

A

chemical carcinogens

59
Q

This theory explains that damage to DNA leads to transformation that could be heritable and passed from generation to generation

A

Somatic mutation theory

60
Q

The theory states that all cells contain the complete genome capable of producing the characteristics of malignancy, such as motility and the capability to multiply.

A

Epigenetic theory

61
Q

This theory postulates that the oncogenes of transforming retroviruses are derived from normal cellular genes and their increased or inappropriate expression contributes to neoplastic transformation.

A

Oncogene Theory

62
Q

Factors that modify animal responses to carcinogenesis include the following:

A
  1. Host factors
  2. Environmental factors
63
Q

this breed are notoriously known for developing all sorts of tumors.

A

Boxers

64
Q

Hemangiosarcomas are most commonly seen in?

A

German shepherd

65
Q

Osteosarcomas in large breeds of dogs such as?

A

Great Danes, Saint Bernard and Irish wolfhound.

66
Q
  • determines the exposure of animals to carcinogens.
A

Environmental factors

67
Q

prolonged exposure to sunlight predisposes to skin cancer in what kind of species ?

A

Cat, Cattle & Humans

68
Q

exposure of cattle to bracken fern may lead to?

A

bladder neoplasm

69
Q

In the process of transformation, neoplastic cells acquire ________, this may be located on the cell surface membranes, in the cytoplasm, or in the
nucleus

A

neoantigens

70
Q

Neoantigens occur at the surface; they are also called?

A

tumor-specific transplantation
antigens

71
Q

TSTA’s of tumors produced by chemical carcinogens is called?

A

Private carcinogens

72
Q

usually occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous. e.g., warts or “kulugo”

A

Papilloma (s)

73
Q

occur in glands e.g., common in dogs as circumanal gland adenoma sebaceous gland adenoma, mammary gland adenoma, thyroid gland adenoma

A

adenomas

74
Q

a smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a mucosal surface; maybe broad-based or pedunculated.

A

polyp

75
Q

A common group of epithelial tumors in dogs is the?

A

basal cell group

76
Q

sebaceous gland adenoma hair follicle tumor

A

trichoephetilioma

77
Q

common in the skin of dogs

A

hemangiomas

78
Q

the proper term for malignant lymphocytes

A

lypmhosarcoma

79
Q

– a clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the bloodstream. This feature is more consistent in myelogenous leukemia.

A

Leukemia

80
Q

malignancy usually involves the granulocytic group (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and may also involve the red cells and the megakaryocytes.

A

myelogenous leukemia.

81
Q

are the proper terms that can be used when non-specificity of lesion arising from the bone marrow

A

Reticuloendotheliosis
&
myeloproliferative disorder

82
Q

is the common descriptive term used for usually or greatly enlarged organ.

A

abnormal mass

83
Q

ulcerated lesion particularly on body surfaces.
Size is no indication of prognosis; a tiny tumor may be highly malignant and a huge one may be benign. Benign tumors tend to be discrete masses.

A

Persistent non healing ulcerating lesion

84
Q

term that is used to describe a monotonous pattern of masses of cells with similar appearance and very little apparent stromal support, just cell after cell after
cell.

A

sheet of cells

85
Q

these are characterized by cells forming or attempting to form acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the thyroid or mammary gland.

A

Acinar arrangements

86
Q

are typical of endocrine tumors in which a clump or nests of cells is surrounded by a narrow band of connective tissue stroma

A

Nest of cells

87
Q

– occur when cells line up in a picket fence-type
arrangement along a strand of connective tissue

A

Palisading or trabecular patterns

88
Q
  • occur when a single, double or finger-like projection of tumor cells invade surrounding tissue
A

tubular arrangements

89
Q

the reaction when the stroma is very dense and perhaps even predominating over actual tumor cells.

A

Scirrhous

90
Q

When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be described, in the case of nests?

A

locular

91
Q

When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be described, in the case of sheets of cells.

A

scant

92
Q
  • this theory states that a tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its growth requirements before it will survive as a metastatic nodule
A

soil theory

93
Q
  • this theory states that the tumor will grow wherever it lands, and only mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases.
A

mechanical theory

94
Q

– the most important method in tumor diagnoses

A

Histologic examinations

95
Q
  • detected in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
  • abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient with neoplastic condition
  • produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life.
A

alpha fetal globin

96
Q

– widely used for cancer detection particularly in
respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors

A

cariconoembryonic antigen

97
Q

are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation

A

oncogenesis

98
Q

are normal cellular genes that affect growth and
differentiation.

A

proto-oncogens

99
Q

Transduction into retroviruses

A

v-oncs

100
Q

Changes in site that affect their expression and/or function, therebyconverting them into.

A

C-oncs

101
Q

v-oncs stands for

A

viral oncogenes

102
Q

c-oncs stands for

A

cellular oncogens

PATHOLOGY (5 decks)

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