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PATHOLOGY > Disturbance of growth > Flashcards

Disturbance of growth Flashcards

1
Q

Throughout the embryonic and postnatal development of an animal, tissues grow mainly
by the process of ?

A

cellular division

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2
Q

In the skin for instance, there is continual replacement of cells at the surface that
become______ by proliferation of basal cells

A

keratinized

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3
Q

bone marrow cells continually proliferate to replace worn out blood cells in the?

A

peripheral circulation

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4
Q

The sequence of events comprising mitosis is called the ?

A

cell cycle

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5
Q

4 stages of cell cycle:

A

g1 phase
s phase
g2 phase
m phase

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6
Q
  • cells that are resting and capable of returning to the growth fraction enter the initial
    phase of the cycle, what phase is this?
A

g1 phase

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7
Q
  • this occupies about 30-40% of the cycle, is marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)**
A

s phase

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8
Q

This phase wherein other preparation for cellular divisions takes place it occupies another 10-20% of the cycle.

A

g2 phase

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9
Q

which is the mitotic phase. In this phase, daughter cells are produced which undergo
terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division.

A

m phase

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10
Q

Disturbances in growth may result in either:

A
  1. excess
  2. deficit of tissue,
  3. produce an abnormal pattern of development.
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11
Q

malformation may occur as a result of either:

A
  1. genetic
  2. nongenetic influences
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12
Q

These malformations are present at birth and are said to be ?

A

congenital

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13
Q

_________suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop and is therefore absent.

A

agenesis

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14
Q

implies failure of the tissue or organ to grow and therefore a rudimentary organ is present

A

aplasia

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15
Q
  • also used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself.
A

aplasia

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16
Q
  • refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size
A

hypoplasia

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17
Q

2 example of hypoplasia:

A
  1. renal hypoplasia,
  2. testicular hypoplasia
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18
Q
  • means absence or closure of a normal body opening
A

atresia

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19
Q

are adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an increase in the functional demand.

A

aquired abnormalities

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20
Q
  • reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue
A

atrophy

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21
Q

reduction in the size of individual cells

A

quantitative atrophy

22
Q

decrease in the number of cells

A

numerical atrophy

23
Q
  • occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs.
A

physiological atrophy

24
Q

is also termed as complete atrophy

A

involution

25
Q

occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply, nutritional requirement, or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that
produces trophic hormone.

A

pathologic atrophy

26
Q
  • due to inadequate dietary intake or chronic starvation.
A

nutritional atrophy

27
Q
  • as a result of long-standing ischemia
A

vascular atrophy

28
Q
  • due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time.
A

disuse atrophy

29
Q
  • due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues
A

pressure atrophy

30
Q
  • due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting in generalized somatic atrophy
A

endocrine or hormonal atrophy

31
Q
  • a classic response of muscle to denervation
A

Withered or shrunken limb

32
Q
  • may be considered complete atrophy.
A

Involution of the normal corpus luteum

33
Q
  • a very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is an indication of emaciation
A

Serous atrophy of fat

34
Q

serous atrophy of fat is most evident in ?

A
  1. heart
  2. kidney
  3. mesenteries
35
Q
  • is the increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of
    individual cells. It occurs only in muscles in response to increased demand for work.
A

hypertrophy

36
Q
  • is an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of
    constituent cells
A

hyperplasia

37
Q

6 types of hypertrophy & hyperplasia:

A
  1. endocrine
  2. compensatory
  3. functional
  4. replacement
  5. reactive
  6. neoplastic
38
Q

following increased hormonal stimulation, in mammary gland during lactation

A

endocrine

39
Q

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function

A

compensatory

40
Q
  • as a response to increased functional demands. e.g muscles in repeated heavy exercise
A

functional

41
Q

– as part of the repair process, e. g healing of fractured bone, healing of liver defect by regeneration

A

replacement

42
Q

-in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g skin thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes in infections.

A

reactive

43
Q
  • when the added tissue mass assumes nodules,
    e.g in liver tissue remodeling
A

nodular hyperplasia

44
Q

– when they form spaces lined with epithelia,
e.g cystic prostatic hyperplasia

A

cystic hyperplasia

45
Q
  • form frond like projections,e.g hyperplasia of lining epithelia of tubular organs
A

papillary hyperplasia

46
Q
  • when they form gland-like mass resembling neoplasm.
A

adenomatus hyperplasia

47
Q

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection.

A

Epithelial metaplasia

48
Q

occurs in association with repair processes

A

connective tissue metaplasia

49
Q

in nutritional deficiencies e.g.vitamin A deficiency causes _______________ of esophageal glands and prostate gland.

A

squamos metaplasia

50
Q

means abnormal growth.

A

dysplasia

51
Q

it is used in a more restricted sense to describe a proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray

A

atypical hyperplasia

52
Q

is characterized by pleomorphism (variation in size and shape), and hyperchromicity (increased staining).

A

cellular atypia

PATHOLOGY (5 decks)

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