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Cancer > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Describe gross appearance of benign tumour

A
  1. Well circumscribed
  2. Surrounded by capsule (if applicable)
  3. No haemorrhage, no necrosis
  4. Large rounded nodule that is pale/tan.
  5. No invasion
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2
Q

Describe gross appearance of malignant tumour

A
  1. Irregular and ill-defined nodule
  2. Invasion into surrounding or possibly adjacent organs
  3. Possibly will have necrosis and haemorrhage
  4. Invasion beyond the basement membrane
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3
Q

Describe histological appearance of benign tumour

A
  1. Well-differentiated (can make out structures)
  2. Regular structures closely resembling normal tissue
  3. Few mitoses
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4
Q

Describe histological appearance of malignant tumour

A
  1. Poorly differentiated
  2. Irregular structures
  3. A lot of mitoses
  4. Nuclear pleomorphism (diff size nuclei)
  5. Maybe got haemorrhage and necrosis
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5
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue?

A

Carcinoma

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6
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the glandular tissue?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the squamous tissue?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the mesenchymal tissue?

A

Sarcoma

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9
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the bone?

A

Osteosarcoma

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10
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the blood vessel?

A

Angiosarcoma

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11
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the lymph vessel?

A

Lymphangiosarcoma

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12
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

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13
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the skeletal muscle?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

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14
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of the cartilage?

A

Chondrosarcoma

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15
Q

How would you name a malignant tumour of fat?

A

Liposarcoma

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16
Q

List at least 3 local effects of cancer

A
  1. Ulceration and perforation
  2. Bleeding
  3. Obstruction
  4. Torsion
  5. Compression (esp in the brain)
  6. Tissue destruction
17
Q

List at least 2 endocrine effects of cancer

A
  1. Endocrine tumour producing excessive hormones
  2. Loss of hormone producing function
  3. ** Paraneoplastic syndrome - tumour produce hormones it is not supposed to produce.
18
Q

Define paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Group of clinical disorders associated with malignant diseases that are not directly related to the physical effects of the primary of metastatic tumour.

19
Q

List at least 3 signs of cancer

A
  1. **UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS
  2. **NON-TENDER ENLARGED LYMPH NODES
  3. Chronic fatigue
  4. Poor appetite
  5. Frequent nausea and vomiting
20
Q

What is prognosis?

A

A prognosis is your doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect you and how it will respond to treatment.

Forecasting the likely outcome of the cancer based on grading and stage.

21
Q

What is cancer staging?

A

Staging is base on the size and/or extent of the tumour growth.

T: tumour (for solid organs, its the size of tumour. for non-solid, its extent of tumour growth)

N: nodules (spread to lymph nodes, NO-N3)

M: metastasis (to other organs, M0 or M1)

22
Q

If I do staging and grading for this patient, what does that imply of their tumour?

A

MALIGNANT

Staging and grading ONLY done if cancer is malignant

23
Q

What is cancer grading?

A

Degree of differentiation of the tumour and assessed microscopically by pathologist.

Low grade = well differentiated
- glands are well formed and easy to mark out
- likely better prognosis

High grade = poorly differentiated
- glands are irregular and hard to make out
- high pleomorphism
- likely poor prognosis

Cancer (3 decks)

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